Bellum Catilinae 51

Cat. 51.1"Omnīs hominēs, patrēs cōnscrīptī, quī dē rēbus dubiīs cōnsultant, ab odiō, amīcitiā, īrā atque misericordiā vacuōs esse decet.

"Senators, all men who deliberate about doubtful matters ought to be free of hatred, friendship, anger and pity.

Note. The setting: 5 December 63 BC. The consul-elect Silanus has proposed death for the arrested conspirators; now Julius Caesar, praetor-elect, speaks against it. Sallust writes the speech himself, in his own style. patrēs cōnscrīptī: vocative, the formal address to the senate. Omnīs hominēs ... decet: decet takes an accusative and infinitive, 'it befits all men to be ...'. Omnīs is the old accusative plural in -īs (= omnēs), which Sallust uses throughout.

Cat. 51.2Haud facile animus vērum prōvidet, ubi illa officiunt, neque quisquam omnium lubīdinī simul et ūsuī pāruit.

The mind does not easily see the truth when those feelings stand in the way, and no one has ever served his passion and his interest at the same time.

Note. lubīdō: Sallust's old spelling of libīdō, 'desire, passion'. lubīdinī ... ūsuī: datives with pāruit, 'obeyed passion and advantage at the same time'. The perfect pāruit states a general truth ('no one has ever ...').

Cat. 51.3Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet;

Where you apply your intelligence, it prevails;

Note. intenderis: future perfect in a general statement, 'wherever you have applied (your mind)'. Sallust loves short, balanced clauses with no connecting words.

Cat. 51.3sī lubīdō possidet, ea dominātur, animus nihil valet.

if passion takes hold, it is master, and the mind is powerless.

Cat. 51.4Magna mihi cōpia est memorandī, patrēs cōnscrīptī, quae rēgēs atque populī īrā aut misericordiā inpulsī male cōnsuluerint.

I have plenty of examples to recall, senators, of the wrong decisions kings and peoples have made when driven by anger or pity.

Note. memorandī: gerund in the genitive with cōpia, 'a supply of recalling'. quae ... cōnsuluerint is an indirect question (subjunctive): 'what bad decisions kings and peoples made'. male cōnsulere: 'to take bad counsel'.

Cat. 51.4Sed ea mālō dīcere, quae maiōrēs nostrī contrā lubīdinem animī suī rēctē atque ōrdine fēcēre.

But I prefer to speak of what our ancestors did rightly and properly, against the impulse of their feelings.

Note. fēcēre = fēcērunt. Sallust often uses the shorter perfect ending -ēre for -ērunt (also dīmīsēre, novēre, meminēre below).

Cat. 51.5Bellō Macedonicō, quod cum rēge Persē gessimus, Rhodiōrum cīvitās magna atque magnifica, quae populī Rōmānī opibus crēverat, īnfīda et advorsa nōbīs fuit.

In the Macedonian war which we fought with King Perseus, the state of the Rhodians, great and splendid, which had grown through the resources of the Roman people, was faithless and hostile to us.

Note. The Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC) against King Perseus. Rhodes had tried to mediate and was suspected of favouring Macedon. advorsa = adversa: Sallust writes vo- where later Latin has ve- (vostra, divorsus, animadvortō).

Cat. 51.5Sed postquam bellō cōnfectō dē Rhodiīs cōnsultum est, maiōrēs nostrī, nē quis dīvitiārum magis quam iniūriae causā bellum inceptum dīceret, inpūnītōs eōs dīmīsēre.

But when the war was over and the Rhodians were under discussion, our ancestors let them go unpunished, so that no one could say the war had been started for the sake of their wealth rather than of the wrong done.

Note. nē quis ... dīceret: purpose clause, 'so that no one could say'. quis after nē is the indefinite 'anyone'. bellum inceptum (esse): perfect passive infinitive with esse left out, as often.

Cat. 51.6Item bellīs Pūnicīs omnibus, quom saepe Carthāginiēnsēs et in pāce et per indūtiās multa nefāria facinora fēcissent, numquam ipsī per occāsiōnem tālia fēcēre: magis quid sē dignum foret, quam quid in illōs iūre fierī posset, quaerēbant.

Likewise in all the Punic wars, although the Carthaginians had often committed many wicked acts both in peace and during truces, they themselves never did such things when they had the chance: they asked what was worthy of themselves rather than what could lawfully be done against them.

Note. quom: old spelling of the conjunction cum, here 'although' with the subjunctive fēcissent. magis quid sē dignum foret ... quaerēbant: indirect questions; foret = esset. sē dignum: dignus takes the ablative, 'worthy of themselves'.

Cat. 51.7Hoc item vōbīs prōvidendum est, patrēs cōnscrīptī, nē plūs apud vōs valeat P. Lentulī et cēterōrum scelus quam vostra dignitās, neu magis īrae vostrae quam fāmae cōnsulātis.

You too must take care, senators, that the crime of Publius Lentulus and the rest does not weigh more with you than your own dignity, and that you do not consult your anger more than your reputation.

Note. prōvidendum est: gerundive of obligation, 'it must be seen to'. nē ... neu ...: a negative purpose clause continued by neu (= nēve), 'and that ... not'. P. Lentulus Sura, the leading conspirator in Rome.

Cat. 51.8Nam sī digna poena prō factīs eōrum reperītur, novom cōnsilium adprobō;

For if a punishment can be found worthy of their deeds, I approve a new course;

Note. The conditional sentence with indicatives (reperītur ... adprobō) is a simple open condition. novom = novum: Sallust keeps the old -om after v.

Cat. 51.8sīn magnitūdō sceleris omnium ingenia exuperat, hīs ūtendum cēnseō, quae lēgibus conparāta sunt.

but if the scale of the crime exceeds everyone's imagination, I think we should use the penalties that the laws have provided.

Note. Sīn: 'but if'. hīs ūtendum (esse): utor takes the ablative, so its gerundive is used impersonally with hīs, 'we must use these (penalties)'.

Cat. 51.9Plērīque eōrum, quī ante mē sententiās dīxērunt, conpositē atque magnificē cāsum reī pūblicae miserātī sunt.

Most of those who spoke before me lamented the misfortune of the state in well-arranged and splendid language.

Cat. 51.9Quae bellī saevitia esset, quae victīs acciderent, ēnumerāvēre: rapī virginēs, puerōs;

They listed what the savagery of war is like, what befalls the conquered: girls and boys carried off;

Note. Caesar mocks the earlier speakers' lurid descriptions of a sacked city. The list is a string of infinitives in indirect statement depending on ēnumerāvēre: rapī virginēs, dīvellī līberōs, patī mātrēs, ... each with an accusative subject.

Cat. 51.9dīvellī liberos ā parentum conplexū;

children torn from their parents' embrace;

Cat. 51.9mātrēs familiārum patī quae victōribus conlubuissent;

mothers of families suffering whatever the victors pleased;

Note. mātrēs familiārum: 'mothers of families', i.e. respectable married women. quae victōribus conlubuissent: 'whatever had taken the victors' fancy'; collibet is impersonal and takes a dative.

Cat. 51.9fāna atque domōs spoliārī;

shrines and houses plundered;

Cat. 51.9caedem, incendia fierī;

slaughter and burning;

Cat. 51.9postrēmō armīs, cadāveribus, cruōre atque lūctū omnia conplērī.

in short, everything filled with weapons, corpses, blood and mourning.

Cat. 51.10Sed, per deōs inmortālīs, quō illa ōrātiō pertinuit?

But, by the immortal gods, what was the point of that speech?

Note. per deōs inmortālīs: an oath, 'by the immortal gods'. quō ... pertinuit: 'what was the point of (lit. where did it lead)'.

Cat. 51.10An utī vōs īnfestōs coniūrātiōnī faceret?

Was it to make you hostile to the conspiracy?

Cat. 51.10Scīlicet, quem rēs tanta et tam atrōx nōn permōvit, eum ōrātiō accendet.

No doubt a speech will inflame the man whom so great and so atrocious a deed has not stirred.

Note. Scīlicet is ironic: 'of course a speech will move the man whom the deed itself has not moved'.

Cat. 51.11Nōn ita est, neque quoiquam mortālium iniūriae suae parvae videntur, multī eās gravius aequō habuēre.

That is not how it is: to no mortal do the wrongs done to him seem small; many have taken them more heavily than is right.

Note. quoiquam = cuiquam (old spelling). gravius aequō: ablative of comparison, 'more heavily than is fair'. habuēre = habuērunt.

Cat. 51.12Sed alia aliīs licentia est, patrēs cōnscrīptī.

But different men have different freedom, senators.

Note. The argument turns: men in high places must be more restrained than ordinary people, because everyone sees what they do. alia aliīs licentia est: 'different freedom belongs to different men'.

Cat. 51.12Quī dēmissī in obscūrō vītam habent, sī quid īrācundiā dēlīquēre, paucī sciunt, fāma atque fortūna eōrum parēs sunt;

If those who spend their lives humbly in obscurity do some wrong in anger, few know of it; their fame and their fortune are on a level;

Cat. 51.12quī magnō imperiō praeditī in excelsō aetātem agunt, eōrum facta cūnctī mortālēs nōvēre.

the deeds of those who hold great power and live on the heights are known to all mortals.

Cat. 51.13Ita in maxumā fortūnā minuma licentia est;

So in the greatest station there is the least freedom;

Note. maxumā ... minuma: the old spellings of maximā and minima. Sallust often puts opposites side by side.

Cat. 51.13neque studēre neque ōdisse, sed minumē īrāscī decet;

one should show neither favour nor hatred, and least of all anger;

Note. studēre ... odisse ... īrāscī: infinitives depending on decet. studēre here means 'to show partiality'.

Cat. 51.14quae apud aliōs īrācundia dīcitur, ea in imperiō superbia atque crūdēlitās appellātur.

what in others is called hot temper is called arrogance and cruelty in those who rule.

Cat. 51.15Equidem ego sīc exīstumō, patrēs cōnscrīptī.

For my part, senators, this is what I think:

Cat. 51.15Omnīs cruciātūs minōrēs quam facinora illōrum esse.

all tortures are less than their crimes.

Note. Caesar concedes the point and turns it: no punishment is too great for their crimes, but the precedent matters more.

Cat. 51.15Sed plērīque mortālēs postrēma meminēre et in hominibus inpiīs sceleris eōrum oblītī dē poenā disserunt, sī ea paulō sevērior fuit.

But most mortals remember what comes last, and in the case of wicked men they forget the crime and talk about the punishment, if it was a little too severe.

Note. postrēma meminēre: 'they remember the last thing', i.e. the punishment rather than the crime. meminēre = meminērunt.

Cat. 51.16D. Sīlānum, virum fortem atque strēnuom, certō sciō quae dīxerit studiō reī pūblicae dīxisse, neque illum in tantā rē grātiam aut inimīcitiās exercēre: eōs mōrēs eamque modestiam virī cognōvī.

I am sure that Decimus Silanus, a brave and energetic man, said what he said out of devotion to the state, and that in so great a matter he is not exercising favour or enmity: I know the man's character and his restraint.

Note. D. Iunius Silanus, consul-elect for 62 BC, who had proposed the death penalty. quae dīxerit: indirect question inside the indirect statement. certō sciō: 'I know for certain'.

Cat. 51.17Vērum sententia eius mihi nōn crūdēlis— quid enim in tālīs hominēs crūdēle fierī potest?

Yet his proposal seems to me not cruel - for what could be cruel against such men?

Note. A parenthesis marked by dashes: Caesar does not call the proposal cruel, only un-Roman. Cicero reports the same distinction in the Fourth Catilinarian, where he weighs Silanus' proposal against Caesar's.

Cat. 51.17—sed aliēna ā rē pūblicā nostrā vidētur.

- but foreign to our constitution.

Cat. 51.18Nam profectō aut metus aut iniūria tē subēgit, Sīlāne, cōnsulem dēsignātum genus poenae novom dēcernere.

For surely either fear or a sense of wrong drove you, Silanus, a consul-elect, to propose a new kind of punishment.

Note. Caesar suggests that Silanus spoke out of fear or anger; the next sentences dismiss fear. consulem dēsignātum: in apposition to tē. novom genus poenae: putting citizens to death without trial was, Caesar argues, a new punishment.

Cat. 51.19Dē timōre supervacuāneum est disserere, quom praesertim dīligentiā clārissumī virī cōnsulis tanta praesidia sint in armīs.

It is needless to talk about fear, especially when, thanks to the diligence of our most distinguished consul, such strong forces are under arms.

Note. clārissumī virī cōnsulis: Cicero, the consul. quom praesertim: 'especially since' (cum with the subjunctive sint).

Cat. 51.20Dē poenā possum equidem dīcere, id quod rēs habet, in lūctū atque miseriīs mortem aerumnārum requiem, nōn cruciātum esse;

About the punishment I can say what the facts are: that in grief and misery death is a rest from troubles, not a torment;

Note. Caesar's Epicurean view of death: it is rest, not punishment. id quod rēs habet: 'as the facts are'. The infinitive clauses (mortem ... esse) are indirect statement after dīcere.

Cat. 51.20eam cūncta mortālium mala dissolvere;

that it dissolves all the evils of mortals;

Cat. 51.20ultrā neque cūrae neque gaudiō locum esse.

that beyond it there is room neither for care nor for joy.

Cat. 51.21Sed, per deōs inmortālīs, quam ob rem in sententiam nōn addidistī, utī prius verberibus in eōs animadvorterētur?

But, by the immortal gods, why did you not add to your proposal that they should first be punished with the lash?

Note. quam ob rem: 'why'. verberibus animadvertere in + acc.: 'to punish with the lash'. Flogging before execution was the traditional Roman punishment. animadvorterētur is impersonal passive.

Cat. 51.22An quia lēx Porcia vetat?

Is it because the Porcian law forbids it?

Note. The lēx Porcia (2nd century BC) protected citizens from flogging; other laws (like the Sempronian law of C. Gracchus) protected their lives without a trial before the people.

Cat. 51.22At aliae lēgēs item condemnātīs cīvibus nōn animam ēripī, sed exilium permittī iubent.

But other laws likewise order that condemned citizens should not have their lives taken, but be allowed to go into exile.

Note. condemnātīs cīvibus: dative, 'to condemned citizens'. permittī exilium: 'that exile be allowed'; a condemned citizen could escape death by leaving Rome.

Cat. 51.22An quia gravius est verberārī quam necārī?

Or is it because being flogged is worse than being put to death?

Cat. 51.23Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est in hominēs tantī facinoris convictōs?

Yet what is harsh or too severe against men convicted of so great a crime?

Cat. 51.24Sīn quia levius est, quī convenit in minōre negōtiō lēgem timēre, quom eam in maiōre neglēxerīs?

But if it is because flogging is the lighter penalty, how is it consistent to fear the law in the smaller matter when you have disregarded it in the greater?

Note. quī convenit: quī is the old adverb 'how?' 'How is it consistent ...?' The digital text prints quon; Sallust's spelling is quom (= cum), and it is corrected here. neglēxerīs: perfect subjunctive in a cum clause.

Cat. 51.25At enim quis reprehendet quod in parricīdās reī pūblicae dēcrētum erit?

"But who will find fault with whatever is decreed against the murderers of the state?"

Note. Caesar imagines an objection (At enim, 'but, you will say ...') and answers it in the next sentence.

Cat. 51.25Tempus diēs fortūna, quoius lubīdō gentibus moderātur.

Time will, the passing day, and Fortune, whose whim governs nations.

Note. The answer to quis reprehendet?: 'Time, the passing day, Fortune ...' (supply reprehendent). quoius = cuius.

Cat. 51.26Illīs meritō accidet quicquid ēvēnerit;

Whatever happens to them, they will deserve it;

Cat. 51.26cēterum vōs, patrēs cōnscrīptī, quid in aliōs statuātis, cōnsīderāte.

but you, senators, consider what you are deciding against others.

Note. Cēterum: 'but', a favourite word of Sallust. quid ... statuātis: indirect question after cōnsīderāte.

Cat. 51.27Omnia mala exempla ex rēbus bonīs orta sunt.

All bad precedents have arisen from good beginnings.

Note. A famous maxim: every bad precedent began as a good one.

Cat. 51.27Sed ubi imperium ad ignārōs eius aut minus bonōs pervēnit, novom illud exemplum ab dignīs et idōneīs ad indignōs et nōn idōneōs trānsfertur.

But when power passes to men who do not know how to use it, or to less good men, that new precedent is transferred from those who deserve it and are fit for it to those who do not deserve it and are not fit.

Cat. 51.28Lacedaemoniī dēvictīs Athēniēnsibus trīgintā virōs inposuēre, quī rem pūblicam eōrum trāctārent.

The Spartans, after conquering the Athenians, set thirty men over them to manage their state.

Note. The Thirty Tyrants, set up at Athens by Sparta in 404 BC after the Peloponnesian War.

Cat. 51.29Iī prīmō coepēre pessumum quemque et omnibus invīsum indemnātum necāre: ea populus laetārī et meritō dīcere fierī.

At first they began to put to death without trial all the worst men, hated by everyone: the people rejoiced at it and said it was deserved.

Note. Iī = eī. pessumum quemque: 'all the worst men' (quisque with a superlative). indemnātum: 'uncondemned', without trial. The infinitives laetārī and dīcere are historical infinitives: 'the people rejoiced and said ...'.

Cat. 51.30Post ubi paulātim licentia crēvit, iūxtā bonōs et malōs lubīdinōsē interficere, cēterōs metū terrēre: ita cīvitās servitūte oppressa stultae laetitiae gravīs poenās dedit.

Afterwards, as their licence grew little by little, they killed good and bad alike at their whim and terrified the rest: so the state, crushed into slavery, paid a heavy penalty for its foolish joy.

Note. interficere, terrēre: historical infinitives again, used for vivid narrative. stultae laetitiae: genitive of the charge with poenās dare, 'paid the penalty for its foolish joy'.

Cat. 51.32Nostrā memoriā victor Sulla quom Damasippum et aliōs eius modī, quī malō reī pūblicae crēverant, iugulārī iussit, quis nōn factum eius laudābat?

In our own memory, when the victorious Sulla ordered Damasippus and others of that kind, who had risen to the harm of the state, to have their throats cut, who did not praise what he did?

Note. Sulla's victory in 82 BC. Damasippus, a Marian praetor, had massacred senators; Sulla's executions began with men like him and ended in the proscriptions. quis nōn ... laudābat?: rhetorical question expecting 'everyone'.

Cat. 51.32Hominēs scelestōs et factiōsōs, quī sēditiōnibus rem pūblicam exagitāverant, meritō necātōs aiēbant.

People said that wicked, factious men, who had stirred up the state with their riots, had been deservedly put to death.

Cat. 51.32Sed ea rēs magnae initium clādis fuit.

But that was the beginning of a great disaster.

Cat. 51.33Nam utī quisque domum aut vīllam, postrēmō vās aut vestīmentum aliquoius concupīverat, dabat operam, utī is in prōscrīptōrum numerō esset.

For whenever anyone coveted someone's town house or country house, or in the end even a vase or a garment, he made sure that the owner was on the list of the proscribed.

Note. The proscriptions: lists of men who could be killed and whose property was sold. utī ... utī: the first means 'as soon as / whenever', the second introduces dabat operam utī, 'took care that'. aliquoius = alicuius.

Cat. 51.34Ita illī, quibus Damasippī mors laetitiae fuerat, paulō post ipsī trahēbantur, neque prius fīnis iugulandī fuit, quam Sulla omnīs suōs dīvitiīs explēvit.

So those who had rejoiced at the death of Damasippus were themselves dragged off a little later, and there was no end to the slaughter until Sulla had glutted all his followers with riches.

Note. quibus ... laetitiae fuerat: double dative, 'to whom ... had been a cause of joy'. neque prius ... quam: 'and not ... until'.

Cat. 51.35Atque ego haec nōn in M. Tulliō neque hīs temporibus vereor, sed in magnā cīvitāte multa et varia ingenia sunt.

I do not fear this in the case of Marcus Tullius or in these times, but in a great state there are many and various characters.

Note. M. Tullius Cicero, the consul. Caesar is careful not to accuse him.

Cat. 51.36Potest aliō tempore, aliō cōnsule, quoi item exercitus in manū sit, falsum aliquid prō vērō crēdī.

At another time, under another consul who also has an army in his hand, something false can be believed true.

Note. quoi = cui. The relative clause quoi ... sit is subjunctive because it describes a kind of consul: 'one who also has an army'.

Cat. 51.36Ubi hōc exemplō per senātūs dēcrētum cōnsul gladium ēdūxerit, quis illī fīnem statuet aut quis moderābitur?

When, following this precedent, a consul draws the sword by decree of the senate, who will set a limit for him or who will restrain him?

Note. per senātūs dēcrētum: the senate's 'final decree' (senātūs cōnsultum ultimum) had given the consuls emergency powers in this crisis.

Cat. 51.37Maiōrēs nostrī, patrēs cōnscrīptī, neque cōnsilī neque audāciae umquam eguēre;

Our ancestors, senators, never lacked either judgement or boldness;

Cat. 51.37neque illīs superbia obstābat, quō minus aliēna īnstitūta, sī modo proba erant, imitārentur.

nor did pride stop them from imitating the institutions of others, provided they were good.

Note. quō minus: 'from' after a verb of hindering. The digital text has mitarentur; the correct form imitārentur is restored.

Cat. 51.38Arma atque tēla mīlitāria ab Samnītibus, īnsignia magistrātuum ab Tuscīs plēraque sūmpsērunt.

They took most of their arms and weapons of war from the Samnites, the insignia of their magistrates from the Etruscans.

Note. Romans believed they had borrowed weapons from the Samnites and the insignia of office (the curule chair, the toga with purple border, the lictors) from the Etruscans.

Cat. 51.38Postrēmō, quod ubīque apud sociōs aut hostīs idōneum vidēbātur, cum summō studiō domī exequēbantur: imitārī quam invidēre bonīs mālēbant.

In short, whatever seemed suitable anywhere among allies or enemies, they carried out at home with the greatest zeal: they preferred to imitate good men rather than envy them.

Note. domī: locative, 'at home'. exequēbantur = exsequēbantur.

Cat. 51.39Sed eōdem illō tempore Graeciae mōrem imitātī verberibus animadvortēbant in cīvīs, dē condemnātīs summum supplicium sūmēbant.

But at that same time, following the custom of Greece, they punished citizens with the lash and inflicted the ultimate penalty on the condemned.

Note. Graeciae mōrem imitātī: Caesar claims (doubtfully) that flogging and execution were a Greek custom. imitātī is a deponent participle, active in meaning.

Cat. 51.39Postquam rēs pūblica adolēvit et multitūdine cīvium factiōnēs valuēre, circumvenīrī innocentēs, alia huiusce modī fierī coepēre, tum lēx Porcia aliaeque lēgēs parātae sunt, quibus lēgibus exilium damnātīs permissum est.

When the state grew up and factions became strong because of the multitude of citizens, and innocent men began to be beset and other things of this kind to be done, then the Porcian law and other laws were passed, by which exile was allowed to the condemned.

Note. A long sentence: two infinitives (circumvenīrī, fierī) depend on coepēre. quibus lēgibus: the relative is repeated with its noun, 'by which laws'.

Cat. 51.41Ego hanc causam, patrēs cōnscrīptī, quō minus novom cōnsilium capiāmus, in prīmīs magnam putō.

This, senators, I think is a particularly strong reason for us not to adopt a new course.

Note. quō minus novom cōnsilium capiāmus: 'why we should not adopt a new course'. in prīmīs: 'especially'.

Cat. 51.42Profectō virtūs atque sapientia maior illīs fuit, quī ex parvīs opibus tantum imperium fēcēre, quam in nōbīs, quī ea bene parta vix retinēmus.

Surely there was greater courage and wisdom in those men, who built so great an empire out of small resources, than in us, who barely keep what was so well won.

Note. Supply fuit with in nōbīs. bene parta: 'well acquired'.

Cat. 51.43Placet igitur eōs dīmittī et augērī exercitum Catilīnae?

Am I proposing, then, that they be released, to swell Catiline's army?

Note. Caesar anticipates the objection that he wants the prisoners freed.

Cat. 51.43Minumē.

Not at all.

Cat. 51.43Sed ita cēnseō: pūblicandās eōrum pecūniās, ipsōs in vinculīs habendōs per mūnicipia, quae maxumē opibus valent;

This is my proposal: that their property be confiscated, and that they themselves be kept in chains in the towns that are strongest in resources;

Note. Caesar's proposal: confiscation of property and life imprisonment in the Italian towns. Imprisonment was not a normal Roman punishment, which was one of Cato's objections. pūblicandās (esse), habendōs (esse): gerundives in indirect statement after cēnseō.

Cat. 51.43neu quis dē iīs posteā ad senātum referat nēve cum populō agat;

that no one afterwards refer their case to the senate or bring it before the people;

Note. Neu ... nēve: 'and that no one ... nor ...'. referre ad senātum: to bring a matter before the senate; agere cum populō: to bring it before the people's assembly.

Cat. 51.43quī aliter fēcerit, senātum exīstumāre eum contrā rem pūblicam et salūtem omnium factūrum."

that the senate declare that anyone who acts otherwise will be acting against the state and the safety of all."

Note. factūrum (esse): future infinitive. With this proposal Caesar's speech ends.