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Ovid · Metamorphoses XIV

Metamorphoses 14.1–74

Glaucus, Circe and Scylla

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Met. 14.1Iamque Gigantēīs iniectam faucibus Aetnēn
arvaque Cyclōpum, quid rāstra, quid ūsus arātrī
nescia nec quicquam iūnctīs dēbentia būbus,
līquerat Euboicus tumidārum cultor aquārum,
5līquerat et Zanclēn adversaque moenia Rhēgī
nāvifragumque fretum, geminō quod lītore pressum
Ausoniae Siculaeque tenet cōnfīnia terrae.
And now the Euboean dweller in the swelling waters had left behind Etna, heaped upon the Giant's jaws, and the fields of the Cyclopes, which know nothing of the rake or the use of the plough and owe nothing to yoked oxen; he had left Zancle too, and the walls of Rhegium opposite, and the ship-wrecking strait which, hemmed in by twin shores, holds the boundary of the Ausonian and Sicilian lands.
Met. 14.8Inde manū magnā Tyrrhēna per aequora raptus
herbiferōs adiit collēs atque ātria Glaucus
10Sōle satae Circēs, variārum plēna ferārum.
From there, sweeping with mighty strokes through the Tyrrhenian waters, Glaucus came to the grassy hills and the halls of Circe, child of the Sun, full of beasts of every kind.
Met. 14.11Quam simul adspexit, dictā acceptāque salūte,
"dīva, deī miserēre, precor!
As soon as he saw her, and greetings had been given and returned, 'Goddess, pity a god, I beg you!

Met. 14.12nam sōla levāre
tū potes hunc," dīxit "videar modo dignior esse!
for you alone can bring relief to the one before you,' he said, 'if only I seem worthy of it!
Met. 14.14Quanta sit herbārum, Tītāni, potentia, nūllī
15quam mihi cognitius, quī sum mūtātus ab illīs.
How great is the power of herbs, Titan's daughter, no one knows better than I, who was transformed by them.
Met. 14.16Nēve meī nōn nota tibi sit causa furōris:
lītore in Italicō, Messēnia moenia contrā,
Scylla mihi vīsa est;
And so that the cause of my madness may not be unknown to you: on the Italian shore, opposite the walls of Messana, I caught sight of Scylla;
Met. 14.18pudor est prōmissa precēsque
blanditiāsque meās contemptaque verba referre.
I am ashamed to recount my promises and prayers and endearments, and how my words were scorned.
Met. 14.20At tū, sīve aliquod regnum est in carmine, carmen
ōre movē sacrō, sīve expugnācior herba est,
ūtere temptātīs operōsae vīribus herbae.
But you, if there is any sovereignty in spells, utter a spell with your sacred lips; or if a herb is more potent, use the proven powers of an efficacious herb.

Met. 14.23Nec medeāre mihi sānēsque haec vulnera mandō,
fīneque nīl opus est: partem ferat illa calōris."
And I do not ask you to cure me and heal these wounds, nor is there any need of an end to them: let her bear a share of the heat.'
Met. 14.25At Circē (neque enim flammīs habet aptius ūlla
tālibus ingenium, seu causa est huius in ipsā,
seu Venus indiciō facit hoc offēnsa paternō)
tālia verba refert.
But Circe (for no woman has a nature more susceptible to such flames, whether the cause of this lies in herself, or whether Venus, offended by her father's informing, brings it about) replies in these words.
Met. 14.28"Melius sequerēre volentem
optantemque eadem parilīque cupīdine captam.
'You would do better to pursue one who is willing and longs for the same and is captured by an equal desire.
Met. 14.30Dignus erās ultrō (poterās certēque) rogārī,
et, sī spem dederis, mihi crēde, rogāberis ultrō.
You deserved to be wooed unasked (and surely you could have been), and, if you give any hope, believe me, you will be wooed unasked.

Met. 14.32Neu dubitēs adsitque tuae fīdūcia fōrmae:
ēn ego, cum dea sim, nitidī cum fīlia Sōlis,
grāmine cum tantum, tantum quoque carmine possim,
35ut tua sim, voveō;
And do not doubt it, but have confidence in your beauty: see, I, though I am a goddess, though I am the daughter of the shining Sun, though I have such power through herbs and such power through spells too, pray to be yours;
Met. 14.35spernentem sperne, sequentī
redde vices ūnōque duās ulcīscere factō!"
scorn her who scorns you, repay her who pursues you, and by one act take revenge on two!'
Met. 14.37Tālia temptantī "prius" inquit "in aequore frondēs"
Glaucus "et in summīs nāscentur montibus algae,
sōspite quam Scyllā nostrī mūtentur amōrēs!"
To her attempts Glaucus said, 'Sooner will leaves grow in the sea and seaweed on the tops of the mountains than my love will change while Scylla lives!'
Met. 14.40Indignāta dea est, et laedere quātenus ipsum
nōn poterat (nec vellet amāns), īrāscitur illī,
quae sibi praelāta est, venerisque offēnsa repulsā
prōtinus horrendīs īnfāmia pābula sūcīs
conterit et trītīs Hecatēia carmina miscet
45caerulaque induitur vēlāmina perque ferārum
agmen adūlantum mediā prōcēdit ab aulā,
oppositumque petēns contrā Zanclēia saxa
Rhēgion ingreditur ferventēs aestibus undās,
in quibus ut solidā pōnit vestīgia terrā
50summaque dēcurrit pedibus super aequora siccīs.
The goddess was indignant, and since she could not harm him himself (nor would she wish to, loving him), she is angry with the girl who was preferred to her; and, offended by the rejection of her love, she at once grinds notorious herbs with horrible juices and mixes Hecate's spells with them as they are ground, and puts on a dark-blue robe, and proceeds from the middle of her hall through the throng of fawning beasts; and making for Rhegium, which faces the rocks of Zancle, she enters the waves seething with tides, on which she sets her feet as if on solid ground, and runs over the surface of the sea with dry feet.

Met. 14.51Parvus erat gurges, curvōs sinuātus in arcūs,
grāta quiēs Scyllae;
There was a small pool, curving into a bending arc, a pleasant resting place for Scylla;
Met. 14.52quō sē referēbat ab aestū
et maris et caelī, mediō cum plūrimus orbe
sōl erat et minimās ā vertice fēcerat umbrās.
she would retreat there from the heat of sea and sky, when the sun was at its strongest in mid-circle and had made the shadows smallest from the zenith.
Met. 14.55Hunc dea praevitiat portentificīsque venēnīs
inquinat, hīc pressōs laticēs rādīce nocentī
spargit et obscūrum verbōrum ambāge novōrum
ter noviēns carmen magicō dēmurmurat ōre.
This the goddess pollutes beforehand and taints with monster-making poisons; here she sprinkles liquids pressed from a baneful root, and murmurs thrice nine times with magic lips a spell dark with a maze of strange words.
Met. 14.59Scylla vēnit mediāque tenus dēscenderat alvō,
60cum sua foedārī lātrantibus inguina mōnstrīs
adspicit ac prīmō crēdēns nōn corporis illās
esse suī partēs refugitque abigitque timetque
ōra proterva canum, sed quōs fugit, attrahit ūnā
et corpus quaerēns femorum crūrumque pedumque,
65Cerbereōs rictūs prō partibus invēnit illīs:
statque canum rabiē subiectaque terga ferārum
inguinibus truncīs uterōque exstante coercet.
Scylla came and had gone down as far as her waist, when she sees her loins disfigured with barking monsters; and at first, not believing that they were parts of her own body, she flees and drives off and fears the insolent mouths of dogs; but what she flees she drags along with her, and, searching for her body, her thighs and legs and feet, she finds Cerberean jaws in place of those parts: she stands on the rage of dogs and holds in check the backs of beasts set beneath her, her loins cut short and her belly standing out above.

Met. 14.68Flēvit amāns Glaucus nimiumque hostīliter ūsae
vīribus herbārum fūgit cōnūbia Circēs;
Glaucus, who loved her, wept, and fled the embraces of Circe, who had used the power of herbs too hostilely;
Met. 14.70Scylla locō mānsit cumque est data cōpia prīmum,
in Circēs odium sociīs spoliāvit Ulixēn;
Scylla stayed in that place and, as soon as she was given the opportunity, out of hatred for Circe robbed Ulysses of his comrades;
Met. 14.72mox eadem Teucrās fuerat mersūra carīnās,
nī prius in scopulum, quī nunc quoque saxeus exstat,
trānsfōrmāta foret: scopulum quoque nāvita vītat.
soon the same Scylla would have sunk the Trojan ships, had she not first been transformed into a rock, which still stands out, made of stone, today: the sailor shuns the rock too.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×3, indirect statement ×3

Latin vocabulary for this passage (309 words)
iam, adv.now, already
que, enclitic conj.and
Gigantēus, -a, -umof the Giants
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
faucēs, -ium f. pl.throat; narrow pass, gorge
arvum, -ī n.ploughed field, field
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
rāstrum, -ī n. (pl. often rāstrī, -ōrum m.)rake, mattock, hoe
ūsus, -ūs, m.use; experience
arātrum, -ī n.plough
nescius, -a, -umnot knowing, ignorant (of: gen.)
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
iungō, iungere, iūnxī, iūnctusjoin; yoke, harness
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
bōs, bovis, gen. plur. boum, dat. and abl. plur. bōbus, m. and f.ox, bull, cow
linquō, -ere, līquīleave
Euboicus, -a, -umEuboean, of Euboea (Cumae was founded from Euboean Chalcis)
tumidus, -a, -umswollen, swelling
cultor, -ōris m.worshipper; tiller, cultivator
aqua, -ae, f.water
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
nāvifragus, -a, -umshipwrecking
fretum, -ī, n.strait
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
lītus, lītoris, n.shore
premō, premere, pressī, pressuspress, check, restrain
Ausonius, -a, -umAusonian, Italian (Ausonia: a poetic name for Italy)
Siculus, -a, -umSicilian; fretum Siculum: the strait of Messina
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
cōnfīnium, -ī n.common boundary, borderland
terra, -ae, f.land, earth
inde (adv.)from there; then
manus, -ūs, f.hand
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
Tyrrhēnus, -a, -umEtruscan; mare Tyrrhēnum: the sea west of Italy
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
aequor, -oris n.level surface; the sea
rapiō, -ere, -uī, -tusseize, snatch
herbifer, -fera, -ferumgrassy, growing herbs
adeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo to, approach
collis, -is m.hill
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ātrium, -ī, n.hall
sōl, sōlis, m.sun
serō, serere, sēvī, satussow, plant
varius, -a, -umvarious
plēnus, -a, -umfull
fera, -ae, f.wild animal, beast
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
aspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectuslook at or on, behold
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
dīva, -ae f.goddess
deus, -ī, m.god
misereor, -ērī, miseritus sumpity, have mercy on (+ gen.)
precor, -ārī, -ātus sumpray, beg
nam, conj.for
sōlus, -a, -umalone
levō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslift; lighten, relieve
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
modo, adv.only
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
herba, -ae, f.herb, plant
potentia, -ae f.power, influence
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
cognitus, -a, -umknown, familiar; tried, proved
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
nēve or neu, conj.and that not, and not, nor
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
nōn, adv.not
nōtus, -a, -umknown, well-known, famous
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
furor, -ōris, m.rage, fury, frenzy, madness
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
Italicus, -a, -umItalian; bellum Italicum: the Social War of 91–88 BC between Rome and its Italian allies
Messēnius, -a, -umof Messene or Messenia; of Messana in Sicily
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
prōmissum, -ī n.promise
prex, precis f. (usu. pl.)prayer, entreaty
blanditia, -ae f.flattery, coaxing; (pl.) endearments
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
verbum, -ī, n.word
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
at, conj.but
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
regnum, -ī, n.royal power, rule, throne; kingdom, realm
carmen, -minis, n.song, charm
ōs, ōris, n.mouth
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
sacer, sacra, sacrumsacred, holy
expugnāx, -ācisable to overcome resistance, potent
ūtor, ūtī, ūsususe
temptō, -āre, -āvī, -ātustry, attempt
operōsus, -a, -umlaborious, troublesome; costly in effort
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
medeor, -ērīheal, remedy (+ dat.)
sānō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusheal, make good, repair
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
mandō, -dāre, -dāvī, -dātusput in hand, intrust, commit; charge, command
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
opus, operis, n.work, task
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
calor, -ōris, m.heat
enim, conj.for
flamma, -ae, f.flame
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
aptus, -a, -umfit, suited
ūllus, -a, -umany
tālis, -esuch
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
indicium, -ī n.information, evidence; an informer's report
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
offendō, -fendere, -fendī, -fēnsusoffend
paternus, -a, -umof a father, a father's
bene, adv.well; successfully
sequor, sequī, secūtusfollow
volō, velle, voluīwish
optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswish for, desire; pray for
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
parilis, -eequal, like
cupīdō, -inis f. (in Sallust also m.)desire, longing, greed
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
ultrō (adv.)of one's own accord; besides (ultrō citrōque: back and forth)
certē (adv.)certainly, surely; at any rate
rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusask
sī, conj.if
spēs, speī, f.hope
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
neusee nēve
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdoubt, hesitate
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
fīdūcia, -ae f.confidence, trust, reliance
fōrma, -ae, f.form, appearance; beauty
ēn (interj.)look! see! there!
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
dea, -ae f.goddess
nitidus, -a, -umshining, sleek, well-groomed
cum, prep, with abl.with
fīlia, -ae, f.daughter
grāmen, -inis n.grass, turf
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
quoque, adv.also
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
voveō, -ēre, vōvī, vōtusvow, promise
spernō, spernere, sprēvī, sprētusdespise, scorn
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
vicis (gen.), vicem f.change, turn; in vicem: in turn
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultusavenge
factum, -ī n.deed, act
prius, adv.before, first
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
frōns, frondis f.leafy branch, foliage
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
nāscor, -ī, nātus sumbe born; rise, begin
mōns, montis, m.mountain
alga, -ae f.seaweed
sōspes, -itissafe and sound, unharmed
noster, -tra, -trumour
amor, -ōris, m.love
indignor, -ārī, -ātus sumbe indignant, resent
laedō, -ere, laesī, laesushurt, injure; break (an oath)
quātenus (adv.)how far, to what extent
amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslove
īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātusbe angry
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātumput before, prefer (sē praeferre: show oneself superior)
repulsa, -ae f.defeat in an election, rejection
prōtinus (adv.)straight on; at once
horrendus, -a, -umdreadful, terrible
īnfāmis, -eof ill repute, notorious
pābulum, -ī, n.food, fodder
sūcus, -ī, m.juice
conterō, -ere, -trīvī, -trītuscrush, grind, bruise
terō, -ere, trīvī, trītusrub, wear away; tempus terere: waste time
Hecatēius, -a, -umof Hecate; magic
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mīxtusmix, mingle
caeruleus, -a, -umdark blue
induō, induere, induī, indūtusput on; clothe
vēlāmen, -inis n.covering, veil
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
adūlor, -ārī, -ātus sumflatter, fawn upon
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
prōcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumgo forward, advance
aula, -ae f.courtyard; hall, palace
oppōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusset against, place opposite
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
Zanclaeus, -a, -umof Zancle (Messana); Sicilian
saxum, -ī, n.rock, stone
ingredior, -ī, ingressus sumgo into, enter
ferveō, -ēreboil; glow, burn
aestus, -ūs m.heat; tide
unda, -ae, f.wave
solidus, -a, -umwhole, complete, solid
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
vestīgium, -ī, n.track, foot-print
dēcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursusrun down
pēs, pedis, m.foot
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
siccus, -a, -umdry; (n. as noun) dry land
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
gurges, -itis m.whirlpool; the deep, the sea
curvus, -a, -umcurved, bent
sinuō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbend, curve, coil
arcus, -ūs, m.bow
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
quiēs, quiētis, f.rest, repose
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
mare, maris, n.sea
caelum, -ī, n.heaven, sky
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
orbis, -is, m.circle; orbis terrae or terrārum, circle of the earth or lands, earth, world
vertex, -icis m.top of the head, crown; summit
umbra, -ae, f.shadow, shade
praevitiō, -āretaint beforehand, poison in advance
portentificus, -a, -umworking marvels, magical
venēnum, -ī, n.poison
inquinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuspollute, soil, defile
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
latex, -icis m.liquid; (often) wine
rādīx, -īcis f.root; (of a hill) foot
nocēns, -entisguilty, criminal
spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsusscatter, sprinkle
obscūrus, -a, -umdark
ambāgēs, -is f. (mostly pl.)roundabout ways; riddles, dark hints
novus, -a, -umnew; novissimus, last
ter (adv.)three times
noviēns (adv.)nine times
magicus, -a, -ummagic
dēmurmurō, -āremutter through (a spell)
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
tenus (prep. + abl., after its noun)as far as, up to
dēscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb down, descend
alvus, -ī f.belly, womb; hollow
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
foedō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake foul, disfigure; desecrate
lātrō, -āre, -āvībark
inguen, -inis n.groin; private parts
mōnstrum, -ī, n.wonder, monster
prīmō, adv.at first
corpus, corporis, n.body
refugiō, -fugere, -fūgīflee back, run away, retreat
abigō, -ere, -ēgī, -āctusdrive away, drive off (cattle), steal
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
protervus, -a, -umforward, brazen, impudent, wanton
canis, -is, m. and f.dog
sed, conj.but
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
attrahō (adtrahō), -ere, -trāxī, -tractusdraw towards, drag along; attract
ūnātogether, along
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
femur, -oris n.thigh
crūs, crūris, n.leg
Cerbereus, -a, -umof Cerberus, like Cerberus
rictus, -ūs m.the open mouth, gaping jaws
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
inveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome upon, find
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
rabiēs, -ēī f.madness, fury
subiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow or place under
tergum, -ī, n.back
truncus, -ī m.tree trunk
uterus, -ī m.belly, womb
exstō, -ārestand out; appear, arise
coerceō, -ēre, coercuī, coercitumrestrain, keep in check
fleō, -ēre, flēvī, flētumweep
nimium (adv.)too, too much
hostīliter (adv.)like an enemy, hostilely
cōnūbium, -ī n.marriage; the right of intermarriage
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
odium, -ī, n.hatred
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
spoliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstrip, rob
mox, adv.soon
Teucrus, -a, -umTeucrian, Trojan
mergō, mergere, mersī, mersusdip, plunge, sink
carīna, -ae f.keel; hull
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
scopulus, -ī m.rock, crag, reef
nunc, adv.now
saxeus, -a, -umof stone, stony; saxea grandō: hailstones like stones
trānsfōrmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange in shape, transform
nāvita, -ae m.sailor, boatman (poetic for nauta)
vītō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusavoid, escape
Ovid, Metamorphoses XIV. Latin text: H. Magnus, Die Metamorphosen des P. Ovidius Naso (Gotha, 1892), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.