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Nepos · Eumenes

Nepos, Eumenes 9

The ruse of the campfires

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Eum. 9.1Dīmidium ferē spatium cōnfēcerat, cum ex fūmō castrōrum eius suspīciō allāta est ad Eumenem hostem appropinquāre.He had covered about half the distance when, from the smoke of his camp, a suspicion was brought to Eumenes that the enemy was approaching. Eum. 9.1Conveniunt ducēs: quaeritur, quid opus sit factō.The commanders meet: the question is what must be done. Eum. 9.1Intellegēbant omnēs tam celeriter cōpiās ipsōrum contrahī nōn posse, quam Antigonus affutūrus vidēbātur.They all understood that their forces could not be gathered as quickly as Antigonus seemed likely to arrive. Eum. 9.2Hīc omnibus titubantibus et dē rēbus summīs dēspērantibus Eumenēs ait, sī celeritātem velint adhibēre et imperāta facere, quod ante nōn fēcerint, sē rem expedītūrum.Here, while all were wavering and despairing of their very survival, Eumenes says that, if they are willing to use speed and carry out orders, which they had not done before, he will settle the matter. Eum. 9.2Nam quod iter diēbus quīnque hostis trānsīsse posset, sē effectūrum ut nōn minus totidem diērum spatiō retardārētur: quārē circumīrent, suās quisque contraheret cōpiās.For the journey which the enemy could have covered in five days, he would ensure that he was delayed for no less than the same number of days: therefore they should go round, and each should gather his own forces.

Eum. 9.3Ad Antigonī autem refrēnandum impetum tāle capit cōnsilium.To check Antigonus' onrush he adopts the following plan. Eum. 9.3Certōs mittit hominēs ad īnfimōs montēs, quī obviī erant itinerī adversāriōrum, iīsque praecipit ut prīmā nocte, quam lātissimē possint, ignēs faciant quam maximōs atque hōs secundā vigiliā minuant, tertiā perexiguōs reddant, ut assimulātā castrōrum cōnsuētūdine suspīciōnem iniciant hostibus, iīs locīs esse castra ac dē eōrum adventū esse praenūntiātum;He sends reliable men to the foothills which lay across his opponents' route, and instructs them at nightfall to light fires as large as possible and spread as widely as they can, to reduce them in the second watch and to make them very small in the third, so that by imitating the routine of a camp they might put into the enemy's minds the suspicion that there was a camp in those places and that warning had been given of their approach; Eum. 9.4idemque posterā nocte faciant.and that they should do the same the following night. Eum. 9.5Quibus imperātum erat, dīligenter praeceptum cūrant.Those to whom the order had been given carefully carry out the instructions.

Eum. 9.5Antigonus tenebrīs obortīs ignēs cōnspicātur: crēdit dē suō adventū esse audītum et adversāriōs illūc suās contrāxisse cōpiās.Antigonus, when darkness has fallen, sees the fires: he believes that his approach has been heard of and that his opponents have gathered their forces there. Eum. 9.6Mūtat cōnsilium et, quoniam imprūdentēs adorīrī nōn posset, flectit iter suum et illum ānfrāctum longiōrem cōpiōsae viae capit ibique diem ūnum opperītur ad lassitūdinem sēdandam mīlitum ac reficienda iūmenta, quō integriōre exercitū dēcerneret.He changes his plan and, since he could not attack them unawares, turns aside from his march and takes that longer detour of the well-supplied road, and waits there for one day to relieve his soldiers' weariness and to refresh the animals, so that he might fight with a fresher army.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×3, ablative absolute ×3, gerunds and gerundives ×3, purpose clauses ×2

Latin vocabulary for this passage (131 words)
dīmidium, -ī n.half
ferē, adv.nearly, about, almost, for the most part
spatium, -ī, n.space, interval; space of time, time
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
fūmus, -ī, m.smoke
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
suspīciō, -ōnis, f.suspicion
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
appropinquō, -propinquāre, -propinquāvī, -propinquātusapproach to, approach
conveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome together, assemble
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
opus, operis, n.work, task
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
intellegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusperceive, understand
omnis, -eall, every
tam, adv.so
celeriter, adv.swiftly, quickly
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
contrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -trāctumdraw together, collect
nōn, adv.not
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
titubō, -āretotter, stagger
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
dēspērō, -spērāre, -spērāvī, -spērātusdespair
āiō (defective)say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
sī, conj.if
celeritās, -tātis, f.swiftness, quickness, speed
volō, velle, voluīwish
adhibeō, -hibēre, -hibuī, -hibitushold to, employ, show
imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātuscommand, order, enjoin
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
nam, conj.for
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
quīnquefive
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
minus, comp. adv.less
totidem (indecl.)just as many
retardō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushold back, slow down, check
quārē (adv.)why; for which reason
circumeō, -īre, -iī, -itumgo around
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
refrēnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusrein in, restrain, curb
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
tālis, -esuch
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
homō, hominis, m.man
īnfimus, -a, -umlowest (īnfimus collis: the foot of the hill)
mōns, montis, m.mountain
obvius, -a, -umin the way, meeting; sē obvium dare: come to meet
adversārius, -ī m.opponent, enemy
que, enclitic conj.and
praecipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake beforehand, anticipate; order, charge
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
nox, noctis, f.night
lātēwidely
ignis, -is, m.fire
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
secundus, -a, -umfollowing, favorable
vigilia, -ae, f.watch
minuō, -ere, minuī, minūtumlessen, reduce
tertius, -a, -umthird
perexiguus, -a, -umvery small
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
assimulō (adsimulō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusliken, compare; imitate, feign, pretend
cōnsuētūdō, -inis f.custom, habit; way of life
iniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in or upon; cause, inspire
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
praenūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusannounce beforehand
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
posterus, -a, -umfollowing, next
dīligenter, adv.carefully, diligently
praeceptum, -ī n.instruction, order
cūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumtake care of; (+ gerundive) have something done
tenebrae, -ārum f. pl.darkness
oborior, -īrī, -ortus sumarise, spring up; (of tears) well up
cōnspicor, -ārī, -ātus sumcatch sight of
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
illūc (adv.)to that place, there
mūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuschange
quoniam, conj.since now, since
imprūdēns, -entisoff guard, unaware
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
flectō, -ere, flexī, flexusbend, turn
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
anfrāctus, -ūs m.bend, winding (of a road)
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
cōpiōsus, -a, -umwell supplied, wealthy
via, -ae, f.road, way
ibi, adv.in that place, there
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
opperior, -īrī, -pertus sumwait for, await
lassitūdō, -inis, f.weariness
sēdō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussettle, calm, put down
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
reficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake anew, renew, repair
iūmentum, -ī n.pack animal, beast of burden
quō, adv.to what place? whither? to which place, whither; for which reason, wherefore, therefore; quō ūsque, till when? how long?
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
dēcernō, -ere, dēcrēvī, dēcrētumdecide, decree
Nepos, Eumenes. Latin text: A. Fleckeisen, Cornelii Nepotis Vitae (Teubner, 1886), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.