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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita III

Ab Urbe Condita 3.57

Appius imprisoned; the Twelve Tables

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Liv. 3.57.1Contrā ea Verginius ūnum Ap. Claudium et lēgum expertem et cīvīlis et hūmānī foederis esse aiēbat.Against this Verginius said that Appius Claudius alone had no share in the laws or in the compact of citizens and of humankind. Liv. 3.57.1Respicerent tribūnal hominēs, castellum omnium scelerum, ubi decemvir ille perpetuus bonīs, tergō, sanguinī cīvium īnfestus, virgās secūrēsque omnibus minitāns, deōrum hominumque contemptor, carnificibus, nōn līctōribus stīpātus, iam ab rapīnīs et caedibus animō ad libīdinem versō virginem ingenuam in oculīs populī Rōmānī velut bellō captam ab complexū patris abreptam ministrō cubiculī suī clientī dōnō dederit;Let men look back at the tribunal, the stronghold of all crimes, where that perpetual decemvir, hostile to the property, backs and blood of the citizens, threatening all with rods and axes, despiser of gods and men, surrounded by executioners, not lictors, his mind now turned from plunder and murder to lust, had torn a freeborn maiden from her father's embrace before the eyes of the Roman people, as if she had been captured in war, and given her as a present to a client, the servant of his bedchamber; Liv. 3.57.4ubi crūdēlī dēcrētō nefandīsque vindiciīs dextram patris in fīliam armāverit;where by a cruel decree and an abominable award of custody he had armed a father's right hand against his daughter; Liv. 3.57.4ubi tollentīs corpus sēmianime virginis spōnsum avumque in carcerem dūcī iusserit, stuprō interpellātō magis quam caede mōtus.where he had ordered the betrothed and the grandfather, as they lifted up the maiden's half-dead body, to be led to prison, moved more by the interruption of his lust than by her death.

Liv. 3.57.4Et illī carcerem aedificātum esse, quod domicilium plēbis Rōmānae vocāre sit solitus.For him too the prison had been built which he used to call the home of the Roman plebs. Liv. 3.57.5Proinde ut ille iterum ac saepius prōvocet, sīc sē iterum ac saepius iūdicem illī ferre, nī vindiciās ab lībertāte in servitūtem dederit;Accordingly, however often he might appeal, so often would he propose a judge to him, to try whether he had not awarded custody away from liberty to slavery; Liv. 3.57.5sī ad iūdicem nōn eat, prō damnātō in vincla dūcī iubēre.if he would not go before a judge, he ordered him to be led to prison as one condemned. Liv. 3.57.6Ut haud quōquam inprobante sīc magnō mōtū animōrum, cum tantī virī suppliciō suamet plēbī iam nimia lībertās vidērētur, in carcerem est coniectus.Though no one disapproved, it was with great stirring of feeling, since the plebs itself now thought its liberty excessive when so great a man was being punished, that he was thrown into prison. Liv. 3.57.6Tribūnus eī diem prōdīxit.The tribune set a day for his trial. Liv. 3.57.6Inter haec ab Latīnīs et Hernicīs lēgātī grātulātum dē concordiā patrum ac plēbis Rōmam vēnērunt dōnumque ob eam Iovī optumō maximō corōnam auream in Capitōlium tulēre parvī ponderis, prōut rēs haud opulentae erant colēbanturque religiōnēs piē magis quam magnificē.Meanwhile envoys from the Latins and Hernici came to Rome to offer congratulations on the harmony of fathers and plebs, and as a gift for it they brought to Jupiter Best and Greatest on the Capitol a golden crown of small weight, as their resources were not rich and religious rites were practised with piety rather than magnificence.

Liv. 3.57.8Iīsdem auctōribus cognitum est Aequōs Volscōsque summā vī bellum apparāre.From the same informants it was learned that the Aequi and Volsci were preparing war with all their strength. Liv. 3.57.9Itaque partīrī prōvinciās cōnsulēs iussī.So the consuls were ordered to divide the commands between them. Liv. 3.57.9Horātiō Sabīnī, Valeriō Aequī ēvēnēre.The Sabines fell to Horatius, the Aequi to Valerius. Liv. 3.57.9Cum ad ea bella dīlēctum ēdīxissent, favōre plēbis nōn iūniōrēs modo, sed ēmeritīs etiam stīpendiīs pars magna voluntāriōrum ad nōmina danda praestō fuēre, eōque nōn cōpia modo, sed genere etiam mīlitum, veterānīs admixtīs, firmior exercitus fuit.When they had proclaimed a levy for these wars, thanks to the goodwill of the plebs not only the younger men but a large number of volunteers who had completed their service presented themselves to enlist, and so the army was stronger not only in numbers but also in the quality of its soldiers, with veterans mixed in. Liv. 3.57.9Priusquam urbe ēgrederentur, lēgēs decemvirālēs, quibus tabulīs duodecim est nōmen, in aes incīsās in pūblicō prōposuērunt.Before they left the city, they had the decemviral laws, which are called the Twelve Tables, engraved on bronze and set up in public.

Liv. 3.57.10Sunt, quī iussū tribūnōrum aedīlēs fūnctōs eō ministeriō scrībant.Some write that the aediles performed that duty on the orders of the tribunes.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×3, ablative absolute ×6, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (188 words)
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
lēx, lēgis f.law
expers, -pertishaving no share in, without (+ gen. or abl.)
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
hūmānus, -a, -umof man, human
foedus, -eris n.treaty, alliance
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
āiō (defective)say, affirm; ut aiunt: as they say
respiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumlook back
tribūnal, -ālis n.platform, tribunal (where a magistrate sat to judge)
homō, hominis, m.man
castellum, -ī n.fort, redoubt
omnis, -eall, every
scelus, sceleris, n.wickedness, crime
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
decemvir, -ī m.member of a board of ten; (pl.) the decemvirs, here keepers of the Sibylline books
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
perpetuus, -a, -umcontinuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever
bonum, -ī n.a good thing, advantage; (pl.) goods
tergum, -ī, n.back
sanguis, sanguinis, m.blood
cīvis, -is, m. and f.citizen, fellow-citizen, subject
īnfestus, -a, -umunsafe, dangerous
virga, -ae f.rod, stick, staff
secūris, -is f.axe (the axes in the fasces, sign of Roman power)
que, enclitic conj.and
minitor, -ārī, -ātusthreaten
deus, -ī, m.god
contemptor, -ōris m.despiser, scorner, one who disdains
carnifex, -icis m.executioner, torturer; butcher, murderer
nōn, adv.not
līctor, -ōris m.lictor, an attendant carrying the rods (fascēs) before a magistrate
stīpō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscrowd together; surround
iam, adv.now, already
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
rapīna, -ae f.plundering
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
libīdō, -inis f.desire, lust; caprice
vertō, vertere, vertī, versusturn
virgō, virginis, f.maiden
ingenuus, -a, -umfreeborn; as noun, a freeborn man
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
oculus, -ī, m.eye
populus, -ī m.people, nation
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
veluteven or just as, as
bellum, -ī, n.war
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
complexus, -ūs m.embrace
pater, patris, m.father
abripiō, -ripere, -ripuī, -reptussnatch away, carry off
minister, -trī m.servant, attendant, helper
cubiculum, -ī, n.bedroom
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
cliēns, -entis m.client, dependent
dōnum, -ī, n.gift
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
crūdēlis, -ecruel
dēcrētum, -ī n.decision, decree
nefandus, -a, -umunspeakable, abominable
vindiciae, -ārum f. pl.interim possession of disputed property (or person) awarded by a magistrate; vindiciās dare secundum lībertātem: rule for freedom pending trial
dextra, -ae, f.right hand (manus understood)
fīlia, -ae, f.daughter
armō, -āre, -āvi, -ātusarm, equip
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
corpus, corporis, n.body
sēmianimis, -ehalf-alive, dying
spōnsus, -ī m.bridegroom
avus, -ī, m.grandfather
carcer, -eris, m.prison
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
stuprum, -ī n.debauchery, sexual crime
interpellō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuminterrupt, hinder
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
aedificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake a building, build
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
domicilium, -ī n.home, dwelling place
plēbs, plēbis f.the common people
vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscall, summon
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
proinde (adv.)therefore, accordingly; so then
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
iterum, adv.again, a second time
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
saepe, adv.often, frequently
prōvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātuscall forth or out, challenge
sīc, adv.so, thus
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
iūdex, iūdicis, m.judge
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
servitūs, -tūtis, f.slavery, servitude
sī, conj.if
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcondemn
vinculum, -ī, n.bond, chain
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron.any one, anything
improbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdisapprove of, reject
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
mōtus, -ūs m.motion, movement; uprising
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
vir, virī, m.man
supplicium, -ī, n.punishment, torture
nimius, -a, -umexcessive, too great
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
tribūnus, -ī m.tribune (tribūnus mīlitum: senior officer of a legion)
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
prōdīcō, -ere, -dīxī, -dictuspostpone, adjourn (a day fixed for a trial)
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
grātulor, -ārī, -ātus sumcongratulate
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
concordia, -ae f.agreement, harmony
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
ob, prep. with acc.on account of, for; in compounds, to, against
bonus, -a, -umgood
corōna, -ae f.crown, wreath (sub corōnā vēndere: sell as slaves)
aureus, -a, -umof gold, golden
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
pondus, ponderis, n.weight
prōut (conj.)just as, according as
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
opulentus, -a, -umrich, wealthy, powerful
colō, colere, coluī, cultustill, cultivate; inhabit; worship
religiō, -ōnis f.religious scruple, religious duty
piē (adv.)dutifully, piously
magnificē, adv.splendidly
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
apparō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusprepare, get ready
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
partior, -īrī, partītus sumshare out, divide
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
ēveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome out; turn out, happen, befall
dīlēctus, -ūs m.levy, recruitment of soldiers; dīlēctum habēre: hold a levy
ēdīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictusdeclare, proclaim, appoint
favor, -ōris m.goodwill, support, applause
iūnior, -ius (comp. of iuvenis)younger; iūniōrēs: men of military age
modo, adv.only
sed, conj.but
ēmereō, -ēre, -meruī, -meritusearn, deserve; serve out; (perf. part.) worn out, finished, retired
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
stīpendium, -ī, n.tax, tribute
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
voluntārius, -a, -umwilling; (m. pl. as noun) volunteers
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
praestō (adv.)at hand, ready (praestō esse, to be on hand)
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
veterānus, -a, -umveteran
admisceō, -ēre, -miscuī, -mixtusmix in, add to
firmus, -a, -umstrong, steadfast
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
priusquam, conj.before than, sooner than, before
urbs, urbis, f.city
ēgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo out or forth, go ashore, disembark
decemvirālis, -eof the decemvirs
tabula, -ae f.tablet, written list
duodecim, indecl. adj.twelve
aes, aeris, n.copper, bronze
incīdō, -ere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut into, cut through
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
prōpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say
iussus, -ūs, m.bidding, command
aedīlis, -is m.aedile, a magistrate in charge of public buildings, markets and games
fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum (+ abl.)perform, carry out, discharge
ministerium, -ī n.service, office, duty
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita III. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.