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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.48

The Numidians' feigned desertion

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Liv. 22.48.1Iam et sinistrō cornū Rōmānō, ubi sociōrum equitēs adversus Numidās steterant, cōnsertum proelium erat, segne prīmō et ā Pūnicā coeptum fraude.By now on the Roman left wing as well, where the allied cavalry had stood facing the Numidians, battle had been joined, sluggish at first and begun with a Carthaginian trick. Liv. 22.48.2Quīngentī ferme Numidae praeter solita arma tēlaque gladiōs occultōs sub lōrīcīs habentēs, speciē trānsfugārum cum ab suīs parmās post terga habentēs adequitāssent, repente ex equīs dēsiliunt, parmīsque et iaculīs ante pedēs hostium prōiectīs in mediam aciem acceptī ductīque ad ultimōs cōnsīdere ab tergō iubentur.About five hundred Numidians, who had swords hidden under their breastplates besides their usual arms and missiles, having ridden up from their own side in the guise of deserters with their shields behind their backs, suddenly leap down from their horses, and, throwing their shields and javelins at the feet of the enemy, are received into the middle of the line, led to the rear and ordered to sit down behind. Liv. 22.48.3Ac dum proelium ab omnī parte cōnseritur, quiētī mānsērunt;And while battle was being joined on every side, they stayed quiet; Liv. 22.48.4postquam omnium animōs oculōsque occupāverat certāmen, tum arreptīs scūtīs, quae passim inter acervōs caesōrum corporum strāta erant, āversam adoriuntur Rōmānam aciem, tergaque ferientēs ac poplitēs caedentēs strāgem ingentem ac maiōrem aliquantō pavōrem ac tumultum fēcērunt.but after the struggle had taken up everyone's minds and eyes, then, snatching up shields which lay strewn everywhere among the heaps of slain bodies, they attack the Roman line from behind, and striking at backs and hamstringing men they caused enormous slaughter and still greater panic and confusion.

Liv. 22.48.5Cum alibī terror ac fuga, alibī pertināx in malā iam spē proelium esset, Hasdrubal, quī eā parte praeerat, subductōs ex mediā aciē Numidās, quia segnis eōrum cum adversīs pugna erat, ad persequendōs passim fugientīs mittit, Hispānōs et Gallōs equitēs Āfrīs prope iam fessīs caede magis quam pugnā adiungit.While in one place there was terror and flight, in another a stubborn battle despite hope now failing, Hasdrubal, who commanded in that quarter, sends the Numidians, withdrawn from the centre because their fight with those facing them was sluggish, to pursue the fugitives everywhere, and joins the Spanish and Gallic cavalry to the Africans, who were by now almost exhausted, more by slaughter than by fighting.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×2, gerunds and gerundives ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (112 words)
iam, adv.now, already
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
sinister, -tra, -trumleft
cornū, -ūs, n.horn
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
adversum (prep. + acc.; also adversus)against, opposite
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
cōnserō, -ere, -seruī, -sertusjoin, fasten together; manum (manūs) cōnserere: come to blows, engage
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
segnis, -eslow, sluggish, idle
prīmō, adv.at first
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
Pūnicus, -a, -umPunic, Carthaginian; bella Pūnica: the wars with Carthage
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
fraus, fraudis, f.deception, fraud
quīngentī, -ae, -afive hundred
ferme (adv.)about, nearly, almost
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
soleō, -ēre, solitus sumbe accustomed, usually do
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
que, enclitic conj.and
gladius, -ī, m.sword
occultus, -a, -umhidden, secret
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
lōrīca, -ae f.breastplate; breastwork, parapet
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
speciēs, -ēī, f.sight, appearance, shape
trānsfuga, -ae m.deserter
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
parma, -ae f.small round shield
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
tergum, -ī, n.back
adequitō, -āre, -āvīride up (to)
repente (adv.)suddenly
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
equus, -ī, m.horse
dēsiliō, -silīre, -siluī, -sultusleap down
iaculum, -ī n.javelin, dart
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
pēs, pedis, m.foot
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
prōiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow forth or down, cast away, throw
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductuslead; make, dig; with or without in mātrimōnium, marry
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ultimus, -a, -umfarthest, last
cōnsīdō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessussit down
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
omnis, -eall, every
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsusremain
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
oculus, -ī, m.eye
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
certāmen, -minis, n.struggle, contest
tum, adv.then, at that time
arripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptusseize, snatch up
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
passim (adv.)here and there, in all directions
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
acervus, -ī m.heap, pile
caedō, -ere, cecīdī, caesumcut, cut down; kill
corpus, corporis, n.body
sternō, -ere, strāvī, strātusspread out; furnish with couches (of a room)
āversus, -a, -umturned away, distant
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
feriō, -īrestrike, hit
poples, -itis m.back of the knee; knee
strāgēs, -is f.slaughter, carnage; heap of fallen bodies
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
aliquantō (adv.)somewhat, considerably
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
tumultus, -ūs m.uproar, uprising
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
alibī (adv.)elsewhere; alius alibi: some in one place, some in another
terror, -ōris, m.terror, fright
fuga, -ae, f.flight
pertināx, -ācisstubborn, persistent; holding on firmly
malus, -a, -umbad
spēs, speī, f.hope
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
praesum, -esse, -fuībe before, preside over, have charge of, command
subdūcō, -dūcere, -dūxī, -ductusdraw up, beach
quia (conj.)because
cum, prep, with abl.with
adversus, -a, -umfacing; unfavourable, unsuccessful
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
persequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, pursue
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
Hispānus, -a, -umSpanish; as noun, a Spaniard
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
fessus, -a, -umexhausted, worn out, weary
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.