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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita XXII

Ab Urbe Condita 22.3

Flaminius rushes to battle

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Liv. 22.3.1Multīs hominibus iūmentīsque foedē āmissīs cum tandem dē palūdibus ēmersisset, ubi prīmum in siccō potuit, castra locat, certumque per praemissōs explōrātōrēs habuit exercitum Rōmānum circā Arrētī moenia esse.Having lost many men and pack animals miserably, when he had at last emerged from the marshes, he pitches camp as soon as he could on dry ground, and learned for certain through scouts sent ahead that the Roman army was round the walls of Arretium. Liv. 22.3.2Cōnsulis deinde cōnsilia atque animum et situm regiōnum itineraque et cōpiās ad commeātūs expediendōs et cētera, quae cognōsse in rem erat, summā omnia cum cūrā inquīrendō exsequēbātur.Next, by inquiry, he pursued with the utmost care the consul's plans and temper, the lie of the country and the roads, the resources for getting supplies, and all the other things it was useful to know. Liv. 22.3.3Regiō erat in prīmīs Ītaliae fertilis, Etrūscī campī, quī Faesulās inter Arrētiumque iacent, frūmentī ac pecoris et omnium cōpiā rērum opulentī;The region was among the most fertile in Italy, the Etruscan plains that lie between Faesulae and Arretium, rich in grain and cattle and plenty of everything; Liv. 22.3.4cōnsul ferōx ab cōnsulātū priōre et nōn modo lēgum aut patrum maiestātis sed nē deōrum quidem satis metuēns.the consul was overbearing since his former consulship, and had too little reverence not only for the laws or the majesty of the senate but even for the gods.

Liv. 22.3.4Hanc īnsitam ingeniō eius temeritātem fortūna prosperō cīvīlibus bellicīsque rēbus successū aluerat.This rashness, implanted in his nature, fortune had fostered with prosperous success in civil and military affairs. Liv. 22.3.5Itaque satis appārēbat nec deōs nec hominēs cōnsulentem ferōciter omnia ac praeproperē āctūrum;So it was quite clear that, heeding neither gods nor men, he would do everything headstrongly and in too great haste; Liv. 22.3.5quoque prōnior esset in vitia sua, agitāre eum atque inrītāre Poenus parat, et laevā relictō hoste Faesulās petēns mediō Etrūriae agrō praedātum profectus quantam maximam vāstitātem potest caedibus incendiīsque cōnsulī procul ostendit.and so that he might be the more prone to his faults, the Carthaginian prepares to provoke and irritate him, and leaving the enemy on his left, making for Faesulae, he set off to plunder through the middle of the Etrurian countryside and displays to the consul from afar the greatest devastation he can with slaughter and burning. Liv. 22.3.7Flāminius, quī nē quiētō quidem hoste ipse quiētūrus erat, tum vērō, postquam rēs sociōrum ante oculōs prope suōs ferrī agīque vīdit, suum id dēdecus ratus, per mediam iam Ītaliam vagārī Poenum atque obsistente nūllō ad ipsa Rōmāna moenia īre oppugnanda, cēterīs omnibus in cōnsiliō salūtāria magis quam speciōsa suādentibus: collēgam expectandum, ut coniūnctīs exercitibus commūnī animō cōnsiliōque rem gererent, interim equitātū auxiliīsque levium armōrum ab effūsā praedandī licentiā hostem cohibendum, īrātus sē ex cōnsiliō prōripuit signumque simul itineris pugnaeque cum prōposuisset, "immō Arrētī ante moenia sedeāmus inquit;Flaminius, who would not have stayed quiet himself even had the enemy stayed quiet, then indeed, after he saw the property of the allies being carried off and driven away almost before his eyes, thinking it a disgrace to himself that the Carthaginian was now roaming through the middle of Italy and marching, with no one opposing him, to attack the very walls of Rome, while all the others in the council urged safe rather than showy measures — that his colleague should be waited for, so that with armies joined they might conduct the campaign with common spirit and counsel, and that meanwhile the enemy should be kept from unrestrained plundering by the cavalry and the light-armed auxiliaries — rushed in anger from the council and, having at once given the signal for march and for battle, said, 'No, let us sit before the walls of Arretium; Liv. 22.3.10Hīc enim patria et penātēs sunt.for here is our fatherland, here our household gods.

Liv. 22.3.10Hannibal ēmissus ē manibus perpopulētur Ītaliam vāstandōque et ūrendō omnia ad Rōmāna moenia perveniat, nec ante nōs hinc mōverimus, quam, sīcut ōlim Camillum ā Vēīs, C. Flāminium ab Arrētiō patrēs accīverint."Let Hannibal, let slip from our hands, lay waste Italy completely and, ravaging and burning everything, reach the walls of Rome, and let us not move from here before the fathers summon Gaius Flaminius from Arretium, as once they summoned Camillus from Veii.' Liv. 22.3.11Haec simul increpāns cum ōcius signa convellī iubēret et ipse in equum īnsiluisset, equus repente corruit cōnsulemque lapsum super caput effūdit.As he uttered these taunts and ordered the standards to be pulled up more quickly, and had himself leapt on his horse, the horse suddenly fell and threw the consul over its head. Liv. 22.3.12Territīs omnibus, quī circā erant, velut foedō ōmine incipiendae reī īnsuper nūntiātur signum omnī vī mōliente signiferō convellī nequīre.While all who were around were alarmed at this as a foul omen for beginning the enterprise, it is further reported that a standard cannot be pulled up, though the standard-bearer strains with all his might.

Liv. 22.3.13Conversus ad nūntium "num litterās quoque" inquit "ab senātū adfers, quae mē rem gerere vetent?Turning to the messenger, he said, 'Are you also bringing a letter from the senate, forbidding me to fight? Liv. 22.3.13Abī, nūntiā, effodiant signum, sī ad convellendum manūs prae metū obtorpuērunt."Go, tell them to dig the standard out, if their hands have grown numb with fear for pulling it up.' Liv. 22.3.14Incēdere inde agmen coepit prīmōribus, super quam quod dissēnserant ab cōnsiliō, territīs etiam duplicī prōdigiō, mīlite in vulgus laetō ferōciā ducis, cum spem magis ipsam quam causam speī intuērētur.Then the column began to advance, the leading officers, besides having disagreed with the plan, alarmed too by the double prodigy, while the common soldiers were glad at their general's boldness, since they looked at the hope itself rather than the grounds for hope.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×6, indirect statement ×6, gerunds and gerundives ×10

Latin vocabulary for this passage (235 words)
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
homō, hominis, m.man
iūmentum, -ī n.pack animal, beast of burden
que, enclitic conj.and
foedē, adv.foully, shamefully, disgracefully
āmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend away, lose
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
palūs, -ūdis, f.swamp, marsh
ēmergō, -mergere, -mersī, -mersusrise out, come up; get clear (of trouble)
ubi, adv.where; conj., when
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
siccus, -a, -umdry; (n. as noun) dry land
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
locō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplace; let out a contract for (a public work)
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
praemittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumsend ahead
explōrātor, -ōris, m.explorer, scout, spy
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
exercitus, -ūs, m.army
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
circā (adv. and prep. + acc.)around, about
moenia, -ium, n. plur.walls
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
cōnsul, -ulis m.consul (one of Rome's two chief magistrates)
deinde, adv.then, next
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
situs, -a, -umplaced, situated
regiō, -ōnis, f.direction; country, region
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
commeātus, -ūs, m.supplies, provisions
expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusfree, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle
cēterī, -ae, -a, plur. adj.the other, the remaining, the rest of
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitusfind out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
omnis, -eall, every
cum, prep, with abl.with
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
inquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītumsearch into, inquire
exsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumcarry out, enforce
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
fertilis, -efertile, fruitful
Etrūscus, -a, -umEtruscan
campus, -ī, m.plain, field
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
pecus, pecoris, n.herd, flock, cattle
opulentus, -a, -umrich, wealthy, powerful
ferōx, -ōcis, adj.fierce, savage
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
cōnsulātus, -ūs m.consulship
prior, priusearlier, former; in front (priōrēs: those in front)
nōn, adv.not
modo, adv.only
lēx, lēgis f.law
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
pater, patris, m.father
maiestās, -ātis f.greatness, dignity, majesty
sed, conj.but
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
deus, -ī, m.god
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
metuō, -ere, metuīfear, be afraid of
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
īnsitus, -a, -umimplanted, innate, natural
ingenium, -ī n.natural ability, talent, cleverness; character
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
prosperus, -a, -umfavourable, successful, prosperous
cīvīlis, -eof citizens; bellum cīvīle: civil war
bellicus, -a, -umof war, military
successus, -ūs m.outcome, success
alō, -ere, -uī, -tusnourish
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
appāreō, -ēre, -uī, -itumappear, come into view, show oneself
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
ferōciter (adv.)fiercely, defiantly
praeproperē (adv.)too hastily, rashly
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
quoque, adv.also
prōnus, -a, -umleaning forward; inclined, prone (to)
vitium, -ī n.fault, vice
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
agitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdrive about; discuss, debate
irrītō (inrītō), -āre, -āvī, -ātusprovoke, stir up
parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake ready, prepare
laevus, -a, -umleft; ad laevam (manum): on the left
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
ager, agri, m.field, land
praedor, -ārī, -ātusplunder
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
vāstitās, -ātis f.desolation, devastation
caedēs, -is, f.cutting down, killing, slaughter
incendium, -ī n.fire, burning
procul, adv.at or from a distance, far
ostendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch out before, show, explain
quiētus, -a, -umquiet, at peace, calm
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
quiēscō, -ere, quiēvī, quiētusrest, keep quiet
tum, adv.then, at that time
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
postquam, conj.later than, after, when
socius, -ī, m.companion, comrade, ally
ante, prep, with acc. and adv.before
oculus, -ī, m.eye
prope (adv. and prep. + acc.)near, nearly
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātusbear, bring
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
dēdecus, -decoris, n.dishonor, disgrace
reor, rērī, ratus sumthink, suppose, reckon
iam, adv.now, already
vagor, -ārī, -ātus sumwander, roam
obsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum (+ dat.)stand in the way of, resist
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
salūtāris, -ehealthful, beneficial, bringing safety
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
speciōsus, -a, -umhandsome; plausible, specious
suādeō, -ēre, suāsī, suāsusadvise, urge
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
coniungō, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin together, join
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestuscarry, wear; carry on, do
interim (adv.)meanwhile
equitātus, -ūs m.cavalry
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
levis, -elight, slight
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
effundō, -fundere, -fūdī, -fūsuspour out
licentia, -ae f.freedom; lack of restraint, lawlessness
cohibeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushold back, restrain, keep in check
īrātus, -a, -umangered, enraged, angry, furious
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
prōripiō, -ere, -ripuī, -reptusdrag forth; sē prōripere: rush out, dash off
signum, -ī, n.sign, signal
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
prōpōnō, -pōnere, -posuī, -positusput or set before, offer, propose; set forth, say
immō (adv.)no rather, on the contrary; immō vērō: no, indeed, even
sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessussit
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
hīc, adv.here; hereupon
enim, conj.for
patria, -ae, f.fatherland, country
ēmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend out or forth
manus, -ūs, f.hand
perpopulor, -ārī, -ātus sumlay waste completely, ravage throughout
vāstō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslay waste
ūrō, ūrere, ussī, ūstusburn
perveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome through, come, arrive, reach
nōsplur. of ego
hinc, adv.from this place, hence
moveō, movēre, mōvī, mōtusmove
sīcut (conj.)just as
ōlim, adv.once upon a time, once, formerly, of old
acciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītussummon, send for
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
ōcius, comp. adv.more quickly, swiftly, at once
convellō, -ere, -vellī, -vulsumtear away, wrench loose; shatter
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
equus, -ī, m.horse
īnsiliō, -īre, īnsiluīleap on, jump onto
repente (adv.)suddenly
corruō, -ere, -ruīfall down, collapse
lābor, lābī, lapsusslip, glide, fall
super (prep. + acc. or abl.; also adv.)over, above, on top of; upon; about, concerning
caput, capitis, n.head
terreō, -ēre, -uī, -itusfrighten, terrify
veluteven or just as, as
foedus, -a, -umfoul, loathsome, hideous
ōmen, ōminis n.omen, sign; hīsce ōminibus: with these words of ill omen
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
īnsuper (adv.)above, on top; besides
nūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusreport, announce
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
mōlior, -īrī, -ītus sumwork at, contrive, plot
signifer, -ferī m.standard-bearer
nequeō, -īre, -īvībe unable, cannot
convertō, -vertere, -vertī, -versusturn round, turn, change; in fugam convertere, to put to flight
nūntius, -ī, m.messenger; message
num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expecteduntranslatable
litterae, -ārum f. pl.letters (of the alphabet); a letter, dispatch
senātus, -ūs m.senate
adferō, adferre, attulī, adlātusbear to, bring
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitumforbid
abeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrusgo away, depart
effodiō, -ere, -fōdī, -fossusdig out; gouge out
sī, conj.if
prae (prep. + abl.)in comparison with; because of
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
obtorpēscō, -ere, -torpuīgrow numb, become stiff
incēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessumwalk, step, advance
inde (adv.)from there; then
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
prīmōrēs, -um m. pl.the leading men, the front rank
quod, conj.that, in that, because
dissentiō, -īre, -sēnsī, -sēnsusdisagree, differ
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
duplex, -icisdouble
prōdigium, -ī n.portent; monster
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
vulgus, -ī n.the common people, the crowd
laetus, -a, -umglad, joyful
ferōcia, -ae f.fierceness, untamed spirit
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
spēs, speī, f.hope
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
intueor, -tuērī, -tuituslook upon, behold
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita XXII. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.