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Livy · Ab Urbe Condita II

Ab Urbe Condita 2.10

Horatius Cocles holds the bridge

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Liv. 2.10.1Cum hostēs adessent, prō sē quisque in urbem ex agrīs dēmigrant, urbem ipsam saepiunt praesidiīs.When the enemy were at hand, everyone for himself moves from the fields into the city, and they surround the city itself with garrisons. Liv. 2.10.1Alia mūrīs, alia Tiberī obiectō vidēbantur tūta;Some parts seemed safe because of the walls, others because of the barrier of the Tiber; Liv. 2.10.2pōns sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nī ūnus vir fuisset, Horātius Cocles;the Sublician bridge almost gave the enemy a way in, had there not been one man, Horatius Cocles; Liv. 2.10.2id mūnīmentum illō diē fortūna urbis Rōmānae habuit.that was the bulwark which the fortune of the city of Rome had on that day. Liv. 2.10.3Quī positus forte in statiōne pontis, cum captum repentīnō impetū Iāniculum atque inde citātōs dēcurrere hostēs vīdisset trepidamque turbam suōrum arma ōrdinēsque relinquere, reprehēnsāns singulōs, obsistēns obtestānsque deum et hominum fidem testābātur nēquīquam dēsertō praesidiō eōs fugere;He, posted by chance on guard at the bridge, when he saw the Janiculum taken by a sudden assault and the enemy running down from there at full speed, and the panic-stricken crowd of his own men abandoning their weapons and ranks, catching hold of them one by one, standing in their way and appealing to the faith of gods and men, declared that it was useless for them to flee, deserting their post; Liv. 2.10.4sī trānsitum pontem ā tergō relīquissent, iam plūs hostium in Palātiō Capitōliōque quam in Iāniculō fore.if they left the bridge behind them for the enemy to cross, there would soon be more of the enemy on the Palatine and the Capitol than on the Janiculum.

Liv. 2.10.4Itaque monēre, praedīcere, ut pontem ferrō, ignī, quācumque vī possint, interrumpant;So he urged and charged them to break down the bridge with steel, with fire, by whatever force they could; Liv. 2.10.4sē impetum hostium, quantum corpore ūnō posset obsistī, exceptūrum.he himself would receive the enemy's attack, as far as it could be withstood by a single body. Liv. 2.10.5Vādit inde in prīmum aditum pontis, īnsignisque inter cōnspecta cēdentium pugnae terga obversīs comminus ad ineundum proelium armīs ipsō mīrāculō audāciae obstupefēcit hostīs.Then he strides to the head of the bridge, and, conspicuous among the backs of those he could see retreating from the fight, turning his weapons to engage hand to hand, he stunned the enemy by the very marvel of his daring. Liv. 2.10.6Duōs tamen cum eō pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium ac T. Herminium, ambōs clārōs genere factīsque.Two men, however, a sense of shame kept with him, Spurius Larcius and Titus Herminius, both distinguished in birth and deeds. Liv. 2.10.7Cum hīs prīmam perīculī procellam et quod tumultuōsissimum pugnae erat parumper sustinuit;With them he withstood for a short while the first storm of danger and the most turbulent part of the fight; Liv. 2.10.7deinde eōs quoque ipsōs exiguā parte pontis relictā, revocantibus quī rescindēbant, cēdere in tūtum coēgit.then, when only a small part of the bridge was left, and those who were cutting it down were calling them back, he forced them too to withdraw to safety.

Liv. 2.10.8Circumferēns inde trucēs mināciter oculōs ad procerēs Etrūscōrum nunc singulōs prōvocāre, nunc increpāre omnēs: servitia rēgum superbōrum, suae lībertātis inmemorēs aliēnam oppugnātum venīre.Then, casting his fierce eyes menacingly round at the Etruscan nobles, he now challenged them one by one, now taunted them all: slaves of proud kings, forgetful of their own liberty, they were coming to attack another's. Liv. 2.10.9Cūnctātī aliquamdiū sunt, dum alius alium, ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant.They hesitated for some time, while each looked round at the others to begin the fight. Liv. 2.10.9Pudor deinde commōvit aciem, et clamōre sublātō undique in ūnum hostem tēla coniciunt.Then shame stirred their line, and raising a shout they hurl their spears from all sides at their single enemy. Liv. 2.10.10Quae cum in obiectō cūncta scūtō haesissent, neque ille minus obstinātus ingentī pontem obtinēret gradū, iam impetū cōnābantur dētrūdere virum, cum simul fragor ruptī pontis, simul clamor Rōmānōrum alacritāte perfectī operis sublātus, pavōre subitō impetum sustinuit.When all of these had stuck in the shield he held before him, and he, no less stubborn, was holding the bridge with a mighty stride, they were now trying to thrust him off by a charge, when at one and the same moment the crash of the broken bridge and the shout of the Romans, raised in joy at the completion of their work, checked their charge with sudden panic.

Liv. 2.10.11Tum Cocles "Tiberīne pater" inquit, "tē sāncte precor, haec arma et hunc mīlitem propitiō flūmine accipiās."Then Cocles said, 'Father Tiber, I solemnly pray you, receive these arms and this soldier with a kindly stream.' Liv. 2.10.11Ita sīcut erat armātus in Tiberim dēsiluit multīsque superincidentibus tēlīs incolumis ad suōs trānāvit rem ausus plūs fāmae habitūram ad posterōs quam fideī.So, armed as he was, he leapt down into the Tiber and, though many spears fell upon him, swam across unhurt to his own men, having dared a deed which would find more fame than belief with posterity. Liv. 2.10.11Grāta ergā tantam virtūtem cīvitās fuit: statua in comitiō posita;The state was grateful for such great courage: a statue was set up in the Comitium; Liv. 2.10.12agrī quantum ūnō diē circumarāvit datum.he was given as much land as he could plough round in a single day. Liv. 2.10.12Prīvāta quoque inter pūblicōs honōrēs studia ēminēbant;Private zeal, too, stood out amid the public honours; Liv. 2.10.13nam in magnā inopiā prō domesticīs cōpiīs ūnusquisque aliquid fraudāns sē ipse vīctū suō contulit.for in the great scarcity each man, in proportion to his household means, brought him something, depriving himself of his own food.

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Grammar in this passage: ablative absolute ×5, indirect statement ×5, gerunds and gerundives ×1, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (218 words)
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
adsum, adesse, adfuībe present, be at hand
prō, prep. with abl.before, in front of; for, in behalf of; for, as; in return for, for
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron.each
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
urbs, urbis, f.city
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
ager, agri, m.field, land
dēmigrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummove away, emigrate
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
saepiō, -īre, saepsī, saeptusfence in, enclose; protect
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
mūrus, -ī, m.wall
obiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow in the way or to
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
pōns, pontis, m.bridge
sublicius, -a, -umresting on piles; pōns Sublicius: the Pile Bridge over the Tiber
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
paene, adv.almost, nearly
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
nī (conj.)if not, unless (= nisi)
ūnus, -a, -umone; only, alone
vir, virī, m.man
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
mūnīmentum, -ī n.defence, barrier
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
fortūna, -ae, f.fortune
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
forte, adv.by chance, accidentally
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
repentīnus, -a, -umsudden
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
inde (adv.)from there; then
citō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset in motion, urge on; citātus: swift, rushing
dēcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursusrun down
trepidus, -a, -umanxious, alarmed; critical, dangerous
que, enclitic conj.and
turba, -ae f.crowd
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
arma, -ōrum, n. plur.arms, weapons
ōrdō, ōrdinis, m.arrangement, order, rank; ex ōrdine, in order
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
reprehēnsō, -ārehold back, try to stop (one after another)
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
obsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum (+ dat.)stand in the way of, resist
obtestor, -testārī, -testātuscall to witness; beseech, implore
deus, -ī, m.god
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
homō, hominis, m.man
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
testor, -ārī, -ātus sumbear witness, declare, call to witness
nēquīquam (adv.)in vain, without reason
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
sī, conj.if
trānsitus, -ūs m.crossing, passage
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
tergum, -ī, n.back
iam, adv.now, already
plūs (adv.)more
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
moneō, -ēre, -uī, -ituswarn
praedīcō, -dīcere, -dīxī, -dictussay beforehand, foretell, predict
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
ferrum, -ī n.iron; iron point, sword
ignis, -is, m.fire
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumquewhoever, whatever
vīs, vīs, f.violence, force; virtue, potency, efficacy; plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength; omnibus vīribus, with all one's strength, with might and main
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
interrumpō, -ere, -rūpī, -ruptusbreak down, break apart
quantum, adv.how much? how?
corpus, corporis, n.body
excipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake out or up, receive, welcome, entertain
vādō, -erego
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
aditus, -ūs, m.approach, entrance
īnsignis, -enotable, remarkable
inter, prep, with acc.among, between
cōnspiciō, -spicere, -spēxī, -spectusbehold, perceive, see
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessumgo, withdraw, give way
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
obvertō, -ere, -vertī, -versusturn towards
comminus (adv.)hand to hand, at close quarters
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
mīrāculum, -ī, n.wonder, marvel, miracle
audācia, -ae, f.boldness, audacity
obstupefaciō, -facere, -fēcī, -factusastound, stun
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
cum, prep, with abl.with
pudor, -ōris m.shame, sense of honour
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
ambō, -ae, -ōboth
clārus, -a, -umclear, loud; famous
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
factum, -ī n.deed, act
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
perīculum, -ī, n.danger, peril, risk
procella, -ae f.storm, gale
tumultuōsus, -a, -umnoisy, confused, turbulent
parumper (adv.)for a short while
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
deinde, adv.then, next
quoque, adv.also
exiguus, -a, -umsmall, scanty, short
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
revocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcall back, recall
rescindō, -ere, -scidī, -scissumcut down, break down
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
circumferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātuscarry around
trux, trucissavage, fierce, grim
mināciter (adv.)threateningly
oculus, -ī, m.eye
procerēs, -um m. pl.chiefs, leading men
nunc, adv.now
singulī, -ae, -aone at a time, single
prōvocō, -vocāre, -vocāvī, -vocātuscall forth or out, challenge
increpō, -āre, -uī, -itusmake a noise, rattle; rebuke
omnis, -eall, every
servitium, -ī n.slavery; (pl.) slaves
rēx, rēgis, m.king
superbus, -a, -umproud, arrogant, haughty
lībertās, -tātis, f.freedom, liberty
immemor (inm-), -orisforgetful, unmindful
aliēnus, -a, -umbelonging to another, out of place
oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumattack, besiege
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
cūnctor, -ārī, -ātus sumdelay, hesitate
aliquam diū (adv.)for some time
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
incipiō, -ere, incēpī, inceptumbegin
circumspectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslook round (at), keep looking about; watch for
commoveō, -movēre, -mōvī, -mōtusmove, rouse; disturb
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
clāmor, -ōris, m.shout, cry
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātuslift, raise; take away, remove; ancorās tollere, to weigh anchor
undique, adv.from or on all sides
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
cūnctus, -a, -umall, the whole
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesūrusstick; hesitate
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
minus, comp. adv.less
obstinātus, -a, -umdetermined, stubborn
ingēns, -gentis, adj.huge, vast
obtineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold
gradus, -ūs m.step, stage; rank
cōnor, -ārī, -ātustry, attempt
dētrūdō, -ere, -trūsī, -trūsuspush off, thrust away
simul, adv.at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as
fragor, -ōris m.crash, din
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptusbreak, burst
alacritās, -ātis f.eagerness, enthusiasm
perficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusdo or make through, accomplish
opus, operis, n.work, task
pavor, -ōris, m.terror, panic
subitus, -a, -umsudden
tum, adv.then, at that time
pater, patris, m.father
inquam, inquis, inquit, defective verbI say, you say, he says
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
sānctus, -a, -umconsecrated, sacred
precor, -ārī, -ātus sumpray, beg
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
propitius, -a, -umfavourable, well-disposed
flūmen, -minis, n.river
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
sīcut (conj.)just as
armātus, -a, -umarmed
dēsiliō, -silīre, -siluī, -sultusleap down
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
superincidō, -erefall from above, fall on top
incolumis, -eunhurt, safe
trānō, -nāre, -nāvīswim across or over
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
fāma, -ae, f.report, rumor
posterī, -ōrum m. pl.descendants, posterity
grātus, -a, -umpleasing, grateful
ergā, prep, with acc.toward, for
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
statua, -ae f.statue
comitium, -ī n.place of assembly; plur. comitia, an election, assembly for voting
quantus, -a, -umhow great or much?
circumarō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusplough round
prīvātus, -a, -umprivate
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
honor, -ōris, m.honor
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
ēmineō, -ēre, -uīstand out, project
nam, conj.for
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
inopia, -ae f.lack, want, scarcity
domesticus, -a, -umof one's own home, domestic
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
ūnusquisque, ūnaquaeque, ūnumquodqueeach one, every single one
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
fraudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuscheat, defraud, rob (someone of something, + abl.)
vīctus, -ūs, m.sustenance, food
cōnferō, cōnferre, contulī, conlātusbring together; grant, confer; sē cōnferre, to betake oneself, make one's way
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita II. Latin text: B. O. Foster, Livy (Loeb, 1919–29), with some passages from W. Weissenborn and H. J. Müller (Teubner, 1884–1911), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.