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Cicero · De Officiis I

De Officiis 1.10

When promises need not be kept

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Off. 1.10.1Sed incidunt saepe tempora, cum ea, quae maximē videntur digna esse iūstō homine eōque, quem virum bonum dīcimus, commūtantur fīuntque contrāria, ut reddere dēpositum, facere prōmissum quaeque pertinent ad vēritātem et ad fidem, ea migrāre interdum et nōn servāre fit iūstum.But occasions often arise when those things which seem most worthy of a just man and of the one we call a good man are changed and become their opposites, so that to return a deposit, to fulfil a promise, and whatever pertains to truth and good faith, it sometimes becomes just to depart from these and not to observe them. Off. 1.10.1Referrī enim decet ad ea, quae posuī prīncipiō, fundāmenta iūstitiae, prīmum ut nē cui noceātur, deinde ut commūnī ūtilitātī serviātur.For it is fitting to refer back to those foundations of justice which I laid down at the beginning: first that no harm be done to anyone, then that the common good be served. Off. 1.10.1Ea cum tempore commūtantur, commūtātur officium et nōn semper est idem.When these change with circumstances, duty changes and is not always the same. Off. 1.10.32Potest enim accidere prōmissum aliquod et conventum, ut id efficī sit inūtile vel eī, cui prōmissum sit, vel eī, quī prōmīserit.For it can happen that some promise and agreement is such that fulfilling it would be disadvantageous either to the one to whom the promise was made or to the one who made it.

Off. 1.10.32Nam sī, ut in fābulīs est, Neptūnus, quod Thēseō prōmīserat, nōn fēcisset, Thēseus Hippolytō fīliō nōn esset orbātus;For if, as the story goes, Neptune had not done what he had promised Theseus, Theseus would not have been bereaved of his son Hippolytus; Off. 1.10.32ex tribus enim optātīs, ut scrībitur, hoc erat tertium, quod dē Hippolytī interitū īrātus optāvit;for of three wishes, as it is written, this was the third, which in anger he wished concerning the death of Hippolytus; Off. 1.10.32quō impetrātō in maximōs lūctūs incidit.and when it was granted he fell into the deepest grief. Off. 1.10.32Nec prōmissa igitur servanda sunt ea, quae sint iīs, quibus prōmīserīs, inūtilia, nec, sī plūs tibi ea noceant quam illī prōsint, cui prōmīserīs, contrā officium est maius antepōnī minōrī;Promises, then, should not be kept which are disadvantageous to those to whom you have made them, nor, if they harm you more than they benefit the one to whom you have made them, is it contrary to duty for the greater to be preferred to the lesser; Off. 1.10.32ut, sī cōnstituerīs cuipiam tē advocātum in rem praesentem esse ventūrum atque interim graviter aegrōtāre fīlius coeperit, nōn sit contrā officium nōn facere, quod dīxerīs, magisque ille, cui prōmissum sit, ab officiō discēdat, sī sē dēstitūtum querātur.for example, if you have arranged to come to someone in person as his advocate, and meanwhile your son has fallen gravely ill, it would not be contrary to duty not to do what you said, and the one to whom the promise was made would rather be departing from duty if he complained that he had been let down.

Off. 1.10.32Iam illīs prōmissīs standum nōn esse quis nōn videt, quae coāctus quis metū, quae dēceptus dolō prōmīserit?Again, who does not see that those promises need not be kept which a man has made under compulsion through fear, or deceived by fraud? Off. 1.10.32quae quidem plēraque iūre praetōriō līberantur, nōn nūlla lēgibus.Most of these, indeed, are annulled by praetorian law, some by statutes. Off. 1.10.33Exsistunt etiam saepe iniūriae calumniā quādam et nimis callidā, sed malitiōsā iūris interpretātiōne.Wrongs also often arise through a kind of chicanery and an over-clever but malicious interpretation of the law. Off. 1.10.33Ex quō illud "Summum iūs summa iniūria" factum est iam trītum sermōne prōverbium.Hence that saying 'The height of law is the height of injustice' has now become a proverb well worn in common speech. Off. 1.10.33Quō in genere etiam in rē pūblicā multa peccantur, ut ille, quī, cum trīgintā diērum essent cum hoste indūtiae factae, noctū populābātur agrōs, quod diērum essent pactae, nōn noctium indūtiae.In this kind many wrongs are committed even in public affairs, as by that man who, when a thirty days' truce had been made with the enemy, ravaged their fields by night, because the truce had been agreed for days, not nights.

Off. 1.10.33Nē noster quidem probandus, sī vērum est Q. Fabium Labeōnem seu quem alium (nihil enim habeō praeter audītum) arbitrum Nōlānīs et Neāpolītānīs dē fīnibus ā senātū datum, cum ad locum vēnisset, cum utrīsque sēparātim locūtum, nē cupidē quid agerent, nē appetenter, atque ut regredī quam prōgredī māllent.Not even our own countryman is to be approved, if it is true that Quintus Fabius Labeo, or someone else (for I have nothing but hearsay), when appointed by the senate as arbitrator between the people of Nola and of Naples about their boundaries, on coming to the spot spoke with each party separately, urging them not to act greedily or graspingly, and to prefer to step back rather than forward. Off. 1.10.33Id cum utrīque fēcissent, aliquantum agrī in mediō relictum est.When both had done so, a fair stretch of land was left in the middle. Off. 1.10.33Itaque illōrum fīnīs sīc, ut ipsī dīxerant, termināvit;So he fixed their boundaries just as they themselves had stated; Off. 1.10.33in mediō relictum quod erat, populō Rōmānō adiūdicāvit.what was left in the middle he awarded to the Roman people. Off. 1.10.33Dēcipere hoc quidem est, nōn iūdicāre.This is indeed cheating, not judging.

Off. 1.10.33Quōcircā in omnī est rē fugienda tālis sollertia.Therefore such cleverness must be shunned in every matter.

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Grammar in this passage: indirect statement ×7, purpose clauses ×3, ablative absolute ×1, gerunds and gerundives ×4

Latin vocabulary for this passage (188 words)
sed, conj.but
incidō, -cidere, -cidīfall into or upon
saepe, adv.often, frequently
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
dignus, -a, -um (+ abl.)worthy (of), deserving
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
iūstus, -a, -umjust
homō, hominis, m.man
que, enclitic conj.and
vir, virī, m.man
bonus, -a, -umgood
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
commūtō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumchange
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
contrārius, -a, -umopposite, facing
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
dēpositum, -ī n.deposit, money or goods entrusted to someone's keeping
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
prōmissum, -ī n.promise
pertineō, -ēre, -uīextend, reach; tend toward, concern
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
vēritās, -ātis f.truth
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
migrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātummove, change one's home
interdum (adv.)sometimes
nōn, adv.not
servō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussave, preserve
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
enim, conj.for
decet, decēre, decuit (impers.)it is fitting, it is proper
pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positusplace, put; pōnī with in and abl., to be placed in, rest or depend on
prīncipium, -ī n.beginning; prīncipiō, in the first place
fundāmentum, -ī n.foundation
iūstitia, -ae f.justice, fairness
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron.any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitum (+ dat.)harm, hurt
deinde, adv.then, next
commūnis, -ecommon, shared, public
ūtilitās, -ātis f.usefulness, advantage
serviō, -ire, -īvī, -ītusbe subject to, serve
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
semper, adv.always
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
aliquī, -qua, -quod, indef. pron. adj.some, any
conventum, -ī n.agreement, compact
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
inūtilis, -enot useful, useless
velor; vel … vel: either … or
prōmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend or put forth, promise
nam, conj.for
sī, conj.if
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
fābula, -ae, f.story
fīlius, -ī, m.son
orbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbereave, deprive (of)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
trēs, tria, plur. adj.three
optātum, -ī n.wish, desire
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
tertius, -a, -umthird
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
interitus, -ūs m.destruction, death
īrātus, -a, -umangered, enraged, angry, furious
optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswish for, desire; pray for
impetrō, -petrāre, -petrāvī, -petrātusgain one's end, obtain (a request)
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
lūctus, -ūs m.grief, mourning
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
igitur, conj.therefore
plūs (adv.)more
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuībe of advantage, profit, avail, assist
contrā, prep, with acc.against, contrary to
antepōnō, -ere, -posuī, -positusplace before; prefer
parvus, -a, -umlittle, small
cōnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusset together or up; appoint; determine
quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiamsomeone, something; any
advocātus, -ī m.supporter in court, legal adviser, counsel; helper, friend called in
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
praesēns, -sentis, adj.present, immediate, imminent
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventuscome
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
interim (adv.)meanwhile
graviter, adv.severely, seriously
aegrōtō, -āre, -āvībe ill, be sick
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
magis, comp. adv.more, rather
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo apart, withdraw, depart
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
dēstituō, -ere, -stituī, -stitūtumleave in the lurch, abandon
queror, -ī, questus sumcomplain
iam, adv.now, already
stō, stāre, stetī, statusstand
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctusdrive together, collect; compel
metus, -ūs m.fear, dread
dēcipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptuscatch, deceive
dolus, -ī, m.trick, craft
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
praetōrius, -a, -umof the commander (praetōria cohors: bodyguard)
līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset free, free, liberate, release
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
lēx, lēgis f.law
exsistō, -ere, -stitīcome forth, arise; appear
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
iniūria, -ae, f.injury, wrong, hurt, harm
calumnia, -ae f.trickery, false accusation, legal chicanery
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
nimis (adv.)too much, too
callidus, -a, -umclever, crafty
Malitiōsus, -a, -umsilva Malitiōsa: the 'Wicked Wood', a forest in Sabine territory
interpretātiō, -ōnis f.interpretation, explanation; meaning
summus, -a, -umuppermost, highest, greatest
terō, -ere, trīvī, trītusrub, wear away; tempus terere: waste time
sermō, -ōnis, m.conversation, talk, speech
prōverbium, -ī n.proverb, saying
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
multus, -a, -ummuch, great; plur., many
peccō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumdo wrong
trīgintā (indecl.)thirty
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
cum, prep, with abl.with
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
indūtiae, -ārum f. pl.truce, armistice
noctū, adv.at or by night
populor, -ārī, -ātus sumlay waste, plunder
ager, agri, m.field, land
quod, conj.that, in that, because
pacīscor, -ī, pactus sumagree, arrange; pactus: agreed upon
nox, noctis, f.night
noster, -tra, -trumour
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
vērus, -a, -umtrue; rē vērā, in truth, in fact
quīntus, -a, -umfifth
sīve or seu, conj.or if; sīve ... sīve, whether ... or
alius, -a, -udanother, other; aliī ... aliī, some ... others
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
praeter, prep. with acc.before, past, by; besides, except
audītus, -ūs m.hearing; what is heard, report, message
arbiter, -trī m.judge, umpire
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
senātus, -ūs m.senate
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
uterque, utraque, utrumqueeach, either, both
sēparātim (adv.)separately
loquor, loquī, locūtusspeak
cupidē (adv.; comp. cupidius)eagerly
agō, agere, ēgī, āctusdrive; do; pass, lead; grātiās agere, see grātia
appetenter (adv.)greedily, eagerly
regredior, -gredī, -gressusgo back, return
prōgredior, -gredī, -gressusgo forward, advance
mālō, mālle, māluīwish rather, prefer
aliquantum, -quantī, n.somewhat
medium, -ī n.the middle; in mediō: in the midst
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
itaque, adv.and so, accordingly, therefore
sīc, adv.so, thus
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
terminō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusbound, set the limits of
populus, -ī m.people, nation
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
adiūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusaward, assign (by a judgment)
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
quōcircā (adv.)for which reason, therefore
omnis, -eall, every
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrusflee, run away
tālis, -esuch
sollertia, -ae f.ingenuity, resourcefulness
Cicero, De Officiis I. Latin text: W. Miller, Cicero: De Officiis (Loeb, 1913), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.