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De Bello Gallico 3.24

The enemy hold back

Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.

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3.24.1Prīmā lūce prōductīs omnibus cōpiīs duplicī aciē īnstitūtā, auxiliīs in mediam aciem coniectīs, quid hostēs cōnsiliī caperent expectābat.

At first light he led out all his forces, drew up a double line with the auxiliaries placed in the middle, and waited to see what plan the enemy would adopt.

3.24.2Illī, etsī propter multitūdinem et veterem bellī glōriam paucitātemque nostrōrum sē tūtō dīmicātūrōs exīstimābant, tamen tūtius esse arbitrābantur obsessīs viīs commeātū interclūsō sine vulnere victōriā potīrī, et sī propter inopiam reī frūmentāriae Rōmānī sē recipere coepissent, impedītōs in agmine et sub sarcinīs īnfirmiōrēs animō adorīrī cōgitābant.

They, although they thought they could fight safely because of their numbers, the old glory of their warfare and the small number of our men, still judged it safer to block the roads, cut off our supplies and win the victory without bloodshed; and if the Romans began to withdraw for lack of grain, they planned to attack them while they were hampered on the march and weighed down by their packs and less resolute.

Note. etsī … tamen: 'although … still'. sē tūtō dīmicātūrōs: future infinitive in indirect statement (esse is left out).

3.24.4Hōc cōnsiliō probātō ab ducibus, prōductīs Rōmānōrum cōpiīs, sēsē castrīs tenēbant.

This plan was approved by the leaders, and when the Romans led out their forces, they kept to their camp.

3.24.5Hāc rē perspectā Crassus, cum suā cūnctātiōne atque opīniōne timōris hostēs nostrōs mīlitēs alacriōrēs ad pugnandum effēcissent atque omnium vōcēs audīrentur expectārī diūtius nōn oportēre quīn ad castra īrētur, cohortātus suōs omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra contendit.

Seeing this, since the enemy by their own hesitation and show of fear had made our soldiers keener to fight, and everyone was saying that there should be no further waiting before they attacked the camp, Crassus encouraged his men and, as they were all eager, hurried to the enemy's camp.

Vocabulary

prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
lūx, lūcis, f.light
prōdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductumlead out, bring out
omnis, -eall, every
cōpia, -ae, f.supply, abundance; plur., forces, troops
duplex, -icisdouble
aciēs, -ēī, f.line of battle
īnstituō, -stituere, -stituī, -stitūtusdecide upon, determine
auxilium, -ī, n.help, aid
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
coniciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow together; throw, cast, hurl
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
exspectō, -spectāre, -spectāvī, -spectātuslook out for, wait for, await, expect; wait
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
etsī, conj.even if, although
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
vetus, veterisold, former
bellum, -ī, n.war
glōria, -ae, f.glory
paucitās, -ātis f.small number, scarcity
que, enclitic conj.and
noster, -tra, -trumour
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
tūtō (adv.; comp. tūtius)safely
dīmicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumfight
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
tūtus, -a, -umsafe
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
obsideō, -sidēre, -sēdī, -sessusbeset, besiege
via, -ae, f.road, way
commeātus, -ūs, m.supplies, provisions
interclūdō, -ere, -clūsī, -clūsumcut off, block
sine, prep. with abl.without
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
victōria, -ae, f.victory
potior, -īrī, -ītusbecome master of, get possession of
sī, conj.if
inopia, -ae f.lack, want, scarcity
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
frūmentārius, -a, -umof grain (rēs frūmentāria: grain supply)
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
recipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake or get back, recover; sē recipere, to betake oneself, withdraw; to collect oneself, recover
coepī, coepisse, coeptus (used in tenses of completed action)have begun, began
impediō, -pedīre, -pedīvī, -pedītushinder, prevent, impede
agmen, -minis, n.band, column
sub, prep. with acc. and abl.under; sub vesperum, towards evening
sarcina, -ae f.pack; (pl.) soldiers' kit
īnfirmus, -a, -umweak
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
adorior, -īrī, adortus sumattack
cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, think over
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
dux, ducis, m. and f.leader, commander
castra, -ōrum, n. plur.camp
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
perspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumsee clearly, observe
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
cūnctātiō, -ōnis f.delay, hesitation
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
opīniō, -ōnis, f.opinion, expectation; reputation
timor, -ōris, m.fear
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
alacer, -cris, -creeager, keen
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
efficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or work out, accomplish, effect
vōx, vōcis, f.voice; word
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
nōn, adv.not
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
quīn, conj.so that ... not, but that, but
eō, īre, iī, itusgo
cohortor, -hortārī, -hortātusencourage, exhort
cupiō, -ere, -īvī, -ītusdesire, long for, wish
contendō, -tendere, -tendī, -tentusstretch, hasten
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Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text: T. Rice Holmes (Oxford, 1914), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: LatinCy, then every word checked and corrected by hand. Vocabulary: F. Ritchie (1903, public domain) and entries written for this app. English translation, notes and grammar hints: written for this app.