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De Bello Gallico 3.2

The Gauls plan an attack

Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.

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3.2.1Cum diēs hībernōrum complūrēs trānsīssent frūmentumque eō comportārī iussisset, subitō per explōrātōrēs certior factus est ex eā parte vīcī, quam Gallīs concesserat, omnēs noctū discessisse montēsque quī impendērent ā maximā multitūdine Sedūnōrum et Veragrōrum tenērī.

When several days of winter quarters had passed and he had ordered grain to be brought there, he was suddenly informed by scouts that everyone had left in the night from the part of the village he had granted to the Gauls, and that the mountains overhanging it were held by a very large number of Seduni and Veragri.

3.2.2Id aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī bellī renovandī legiōnisque opprimendae cōnsilium caperent: prīmum, quod legiōnem neque eam plēnissimam dētrāctīs cohortibus duābus et complūribus singillātim, quī commeātūs petendī causā missī erant, absentibus propter paucitātem dēspiciēbant;

This had happened for several reasons, so that the Gauls suddenly formed a plan to renew the war and crush the legion: first, because they looked down on the legion for its small numbers, since it was not even at full strength, two cohorts having been taken away and a number of men being absent one by one, who had been sent to fetch supplies;

Note. bellī renovandī legiōnisque opprimendae cōnsilium: gerundives in the genitive, 'a plan of renewing the war and crushing the legion'.

3.2.4tum etiam, quod propter inīquitātem locī, cum ipsī ex montibus in vallem dēcurrerent et tēla coicerent, nē prīmum quidem impetum suum posse sustinērī exīstimābant.

then also because, given the unevenness of the ground, when they themselves ran down from the mountains into the valley and hurled their weapons, they thought not even their first charge could be withstood.

3.2.5Accēdēbat quod suōs ab sē līberōs abstractōs obsidum nōmine dolēbant, et Rōmānōs nōn sōlum itinerum causā sed etiam perpetuae possessiōnis culmina Alpium occupāre cōnārī et ea loca fīnitimae prōvinciae adiungere sibi persuāsum habēbant.

Besides, they resented that their children had been taken from them under the name of hostages, and they were convinced that the Romans were trying to seize the heights of the Alps not only for the sake of the routes but to hold them permanently, and to join those places to the neighbouring Province.

Note. Accēdēbat quod: 'there was the further fact that'. sibi persuāsum habēbant: 'they had it firmly fixed in their minds'.

Vocabulary

cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
hīberna, -ōrum n. pl.winter quarters
complūrēs, -plūra, plur. adj.several, many
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
frūmentum, -ī, n.grain
que, enclitic conj.and
eō (adv.)to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more)
comportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātuscarry or bring together, collect
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussusbid, order, command
subitō, adv.unexpectedly, suddenly
per, prep, with ace.through, by means of
explōrātor, -ōris, m.explorer, scout, spy
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
pars, partis, f.part, side, direction
vīcus, -ī, m.village
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgrant, yield
omnis, -eall, every
noctū, adv.at or by night
discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo apart, withdraw, depart
mōns, montis, m.mountain
impendeō, -ērehang over, overhang
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
magnus, -a, -umlarge, big, great, mighty; loud
multitūdō, -tūdinis, f.multitude
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tushold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop
aliquot (indecl.)several, some
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
accidō, -cidere, -cidīfall to or upon; befall, happen
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
bellum, -ī, n.war
renovō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumrenew
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressuspress against, overpower, crush
cōnsilium, -ī, n.advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence
capiō, capere, cēpī, captustake, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt
prīmum, adv.first, in the first place
quod, conj.that, in that, because
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
plēnus, -a, -umfull
dētrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctusdraw or pull off
cohors, cohortis f.cohort (a tenth of a legion); company
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
singillātim (adv.)one by one
commeātus, -ūs, m.supplies, provisions
petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītusseek, ask; attack
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missussend
absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrusbe away, be absent, be distant; be wanting
propter, prep. with acc.on account of, because of
paucitās, -ātis f.small number, scarcity
dēspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectumlook down on, despise
tum, adv.then, at that time
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
inīquitās, -ātis f.unevenness; unfairness, difficulty
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
vallis, -is, f.valley
dēcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursusrun down
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
coiciō, -ere, coiēcī, coiectumthrow, hurl
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
impetus, -ūs, m.attack; impetum facere, to charge
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or bear up, sustain, withstand
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessumcome near, approach; be added
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
līberī, -ōrum, m. plur.children
abstrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractumdrag away, carry off
obses, obsidis m./f.hostage
nōmen, -minis, n.name (that by which one is known)
doleō, -ēre, doluī, dolitumgrieve, be pained
Rōmānus, -a, -umRoman
nōn, adv.not
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
sed, conj.but
perpetuus, -a, -umcontinuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever
possessiō, -ōnis f.property, possession
culmen, -inis n.top, summit
occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātusseize; fill
cōnor, -ārī, -ātustry, attempt
fīnitimus, -a, -umneighboring, adjoining
prōvincia, -ae f.province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul
adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctusjoin to, join
persuādeō, -suādēre, -suāsi, -suāsuspersuade, prevail upon, induce
habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itushave, hold; consider
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Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text: T. Rice Holmes (Oxford, 1914), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: LatinCy, then every word checked and corrected by hand. Vocabulary: F. Ritchie (1903, public domain) and entries written for this app. English translation, notes and grammar hints: written for this app.