Lectitō › Julius Caesar › Gallic War, Book 3
De Bello Gallico 3.2
The Gauls plan an attack
Caesar, De Bello Gallico III. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.
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Read in Lectitō3.2.1Cum diēs hībernōrum complūrēs trānsīssent frūmentumque eō comportārī iussisset, subitō per explōrātōrēs certior factus est ex eā parte vīcī, quam Gallīs concesserat, omnēs noctū discessisse montēsque quī impendērent ā maximā multitūdine Sedūnōrum et Veragrōrum tenērī.
When several days of winter quarters had passed and he had ordered grain to be brought there, he was suddenly informed by scouts that everyone had left in the night from the part of the village he had granted to the Gauls, and that the mountains overhanging it were held by a very large number of Seduni and Veragri.
3.2.2Id aliquot dē causīs acciderat, ut subitō Gallī bellī renovandī legiōnisque opprimendae cōnsilium caperent: prīmum, quod legiōnem neque eam plēnissimam dētrāctīs cohortibus duābus et complūribus singillātim, quī commeātūs petendī causā missī erant, absentibus propter paucitātem dēspiciēbant;
This had happened for several reasons, so that the Gauls suddenly formed a plan to renew the war and crush the legion: first, because they looked down on the legion for its small numbers, since it was not even at full strength, two cohorts having been taken away and a number of men being absent one by one, who had been sent to fetch supplies;
Note. bellī renovandī legiōnisque opprimendae cōnsilium: gerundives in the genitive, 'a plan of renewing the war and crushing the legion'.
3.2.4tum etiam, quod propter inīquitātem locī, cum ipsī ex montibus in vallem dēcurrerent et tēla coicerent, nē prīmum quidem impetum suum posse sustinērī exīstimābant.
then also because, given the unevenness of the ground, when they themselves ran down from the mountains into the valley and hurled their weapons, they thought not even their first charge could be withstood.
3.2.5Accēdēbat quod suōs ab sē līberōs abstractōs obsidum nōmine dolēbant, et Rōmānōs nōn sōlum itinerum causā sed etiam perpetuae possessiōnis culmina Alpium occupāre cōnārī et ea loca fīnitimae prōvinciae adiungere sibi persuāsum habēbant.
Besides, they resented that their children had been taken from them under the name of hostages, and they were convinced that the Romans were trying to seize the heights of the Alps not only for the sake of the routes but to hold them permanently, and to join those places to the neighbouring Province.
Note. Accēdēbat quod: 'there was the further fact that'. sibi persuāsum habēbant: 'they had it firmly fixed in their minds'.
Vocabulary
| cum, conj. | when, while, after; since; although |
| diēs, -ēī, m. and f. | day |
| hīberna, -ōrum n. pl. | winter quarters |
| complūrēs, -plūra, plur. adj. | several, many |
| trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itus | go across or over, cross |
| frūmentum, -ī, n. | grain |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| eō (adv.) | to that place, thither; to that point (usque eō); (with comparatives) by so much, all the (more) |
| comportō, -portāre, -portāvī, -portātus | carry or bring together, collect |
| iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus | bid, order, command |
| subitō, adv. | unexpectedly, suddenly |
| per, prep, with ace. | through, by means of |
| explōrātor, -ōris, m. | explorer, scout, spy |
| certus, -a, -um | determined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factus | make, do; iter facere, see iter |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| ex, ē (prep. + abl.) | out of, from; of (ē only before consonants) |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| pars, partis, f. | part, side, direction |
| vīcus, -ī, m. | village |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| concēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus | grant, yield |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| noctū, adv. | at or by night |
| discēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessus | go apart, withdraw, depart |
| mōns, montis, m. | mountain |
| impendeō, -ēre | hang over, overhang |
| ā, ab (prep. + abl.) | away from, from; by (ā only before consonants) |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| multitūdō, -tūdinis, f. | multitude |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| teneō, -ēre, -uī, -tus | hold, keep; hold back, restrain, stop |
| aliquot (indecl.) | several, some |
| dē, prep, with abl. | down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of |
| causa, -ae, f. | cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of |
| accidō, -cidere, -cidī | fall to or upon; befall, happen |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| bellum, -ī, n. | war |
| renovō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | renew |
| legiō, -ōnis f. | legion |
| opprimō, -primere, -pressī, -pressus | press against, overpower, crush |
| cōnsilium, -ī, n. | advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence |
| capiō, capere, cēpī, captus | take, catch, seize; receive, suffer; adopt |
| prīmum, adv. | first, in the first place |
| quod, conj. | that, in that, because |
| neque or nec, conj. | and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not |
| plēnus, -a, -um | full |
| dētrahō, -trahere, -trāxī, -trāctus | draw or pull off |
| cohors, cohortis f. | cohort (a tenth of a legion); company |
| duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj. | two |
| singillātim (adv.) | one by one |
| commeātus, -ūs, m. | supplies, provisions |
| petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus | seek, ask; attack |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus | send |
| absum, abesse, āfuī, āfutūrus | be away, be absent, be distant; be wanting |
| propter, prep. with acc. | on account of, because of |
| paucitās, -ātis f. | small number, scarcity |
| dēspiciō, -ere, -spexī, -spectum | look down on, despise |
| tum, adv. | then, at that time |
| etiam, adv. | and now, also, too, even |
| inīquitās, -ātis f. | unevenness; unfairness, difficulty |
| locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n. | place, situation |
| ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron. | self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| vallis, -is, f. | valley |
| dēcurrō, -currere, -cucurrī, -cursus | run down |
| tēlum, -ī, n. | missile, spear, weapon |
| coiciō, -ere, coiēcī, coiectum | throw, hurl |
| nē, adv. | not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest |
| prīmus, -a, -um | first, foremost |
| quidem, adv. | in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even |
| impetus, -ūs, m. | attack; impetum facere, to charge |
| suus, -a, -um | his, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their |
| possum, posse, potuī | be able, have power, can |
| sustineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentus | hold or bear up, sustain, withstand |
| exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus | consider, believe, think |
| accēdō, -ere, accessī, accessum | come near, approach; be added |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| līberī, -ōrum, m. plur. | children |
| abstrahō, -ere, -trāxī, -tractum | drag away, carry off |
| obses, obsidis m./f. | hostage |
| nōmen, -minis, n. | name (that by which one is known) |
| doleō, -ēre, doluī, dolitum | grieve, be pained |
| Rōmānus, -a, -um | Roman |
| nōn, adv. | not |
| sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n. | only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil |
| iter, itineris, n. | a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march |
| sed, conj. | but |
| perpetuus, -a, -um | continuous, perpetual; in perpetuum, for all time, forever |
| possessiō, -ōnis f. | property, possession |
| culmen, -inis n. | top, summit |
| occupō, -cupāre, -cupāvī, -cupātus | seize; fill |
| cōnor, -ārī, -ātus | try, attempt |
| fīnitimus, -a, -um | neighboring, adjoining |
| prōvincia, -ae f. | province; here, the Roman Province in southern Gaul |
| adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus | join to, join |
| persuādeō, -suādēre, -suāsi, -suāsus | persuade, prevail upon, induce |
| habeō, -ēre, -uī, -itus | have, hold; consider |