LectitōOpen the reader

Lectitō › Julius Caesar › Gallic War, Book 2

De Bello Gallico 2.27

The courage of the Nervii

Caesar, De Bello Gallico II. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.

Tap any word for its meaning and grammar, save words to review, and track your reading.

Read in Lectitō

2.27.1Hōrum adventū tanta rērum commūtātiō est facta ut nostrī, etiam quī vulneribus cōnfectī prōcubuissent, scūtīs innīxī proelium redintegrārent, cālōnēs perterritōs hostēs cōnspicātī etiam inermēs armātīs occurrerent, equitēs vērō, ut turpitūdinem fugae virtūte dēlērent, omnibus in locīs pugnae sē legiōnāriīs mīlitibus praeferrent.

Their arrival brought about so great a change that even those of our men who had fallen worn out with wounds leaned on their shields and renewed the fight; the servants, seeing the enemy panic-stricken, even ran at armed men while unarmed themselves; and the cavalry, to wipe out the disgrace of their flight by courage, tried to outdo the legionary soldiers everywhere in the battle.

Note. inermēs armātīs occurrerent: 'unarmed, they ran at armed men'. sē … praeferrent: 'tried to show themselves better than'.

2.27.3At hostēs, etiam in extrēmā spē salūtis, tantam virtūtem praestitērunt ut, cum prīmī eōrum cecidissent, proximī iacentibus īnsisterent atque ex eōrum corporibus pugnārent, hīs dēiectīs et coacervātīs cadāveribus quī superessent ut ex tumulō tēla in nostrōs coicerent et pīla intercepta remitterent: ut nōn nēquīquam tantae virtūtis hominēs iūdicārī dēbēret ausōs esse trānsīre lātissimum flūmen, ascendere altissimās rīpās, subīre inīquissimum locum;

But the enemy, even with almost no hope of survival, showed such courage that when their front ranks fell, the next stood on the fallen and fought from their bodies; when these were cut down and the corpses piled up, those who were left threw weapons at our men as if from a mound and hurled back the javelins they caught: so that it had to be judged that men of such courage had not dared in vain to cross a very wide river, climb very high banks and come up onto very unfavourable ground;

Note. ut ex tumulō: 'as if from a mound'. nōn nēquīquam … ausōs esse: litotes, 'it was not for nothing that they had dared'.

2.27.5quae facilia ex difficillimīs animī magnitūdō redēgerat.

which their greatness of spirit had turned from very difficult into easy.

Vocabulary

hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
adventus, -ūs, m.approach, arrival
tantus, -a, -umso great or much
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
commūtātiō, -tiōnis, f.change
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
noster, -tra, -trumour
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
vulnus, vulneris, n.wound
cōnficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusmake or do completely, complete, finish, accomplish, make; wear out
prōcumbō, -ere, -cubuī, -cubitumfall down, sink down
scūtum, -ī, n.shield
innītor, -ī, innīxus sum (+ abl.)lean on
proelium, -ī, n.battle, combat; proelium committere, to join battle
redintegrō, -integrāre, -integrāvī, -integrātusmake whole again, renew
cālō, -ōnis m.soldier's servant, camp follower
perterreō, -terrēre, -terrui, -territusthoroughly frighten, terrify
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
cōnspicor, -ārī, -ātus sumcatch sight of
inermis, -eunarmed
armātus, -a, -umarmed
occurrō, -currere, -currī, -cursusrun against, meet
eques, equitis m.horseman; (pl.) cavalry
vērō, adv.in truth, indeed; however
turpitūdō, -inis f.disgrace
fuga, -ae, f.flight
virtūs, -tūtis, f.manliness, courage, bravery
dēleō, -ēre, dēlēvī, dēlētumdestroy, wipe out
omnis, -eall, every
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
pugna, -ae, f.fighting, battle, combat
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
legiōnārius, -a, -umof a legion, legionary
mīles, mīlitis, m.soldier
praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātumput before, prefer (sē praeferre: show oneself superior)
at, conj.but
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
spēs, speī, f.hope
salūs, salūtis, f.safety, deliverance, escape
praestō, -stāre, -stitī, -stitusstand in front; show
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
prīmus, -a, -umfirst, foremost
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsūrusfall
proximus, -a, -umnearest, next
iaceō, -ēre, -uīlie, be prostrate
īnsistō, -ere, īnstitīstand on
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
corpus, corporis, n.body
pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusfight
dēiciō, -icere, -iēcī, -iectusthrow down, cast, drive out of one's course
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
coacervō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumheap up
cadāver, -eris, n.dead body, corpse, carcass
supersum, -esse, -fuībe over or left, remain
tumulus, -ī m.mound, hillock
tēlum, -ī, n.missile, spear, weapon
coiciō, -ere, coiēcī, coiectumthrow, hurl
pīlum, -ī n.javelin (the Roman heavy spear)
intercipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptumintercept, catch
remittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missumsend back; give up, remit
nōn, adv.not
nēquīquam (adv.)in vain, without reason
homō, hominis, m.man
iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumjudge, decide
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo across or over, cross
lātus, -a, -umbroad, wide
flūmen, -minis, n.river
ascendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb to, ascend, mount
altus, -a, -umhigh, deep; altum, -ī, n., the deep
rīpa, -ae, f.bank
subeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo under; undergo, submit to, sustain, bear, endure
inīquus, -a, -umuneven; unfair
facilis, -e (comp. facilior)easy
difficilis, -enot easy, difficult
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
magnitūdō, -tūdinis, f.greatness, size
redigō, -ere, redēgī, redāctumbring back; reduce (to a condition)
Advertisement
Caesar, De Bello Gallico II. Latin text: T. Rice Holmes (Oxford, 1914), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: LatinCy, then every word checked and corrected by hand. Vocabulary: F. Ritchie (1903, public domain) and entries written for this app. English translation, notes and grammar hints: written for this app.