Lectitō › Julius Caesar › Civil War, Book 1
De Bello Civili 1.60
Spanish towns come over
Caesar, De Bello Civili I. Latin text with a sentence-by-sentence English translation, notes and vocabulary.
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Read in LectitōBC 1.60.1Interim Oscēnsēs et Calagurritānī, quī erant cum Oscēnsibus contribūtī, mittunt ad eum lēgātōs sēsēque imperāta factūrōs pollicentur.
Meanwhile the people of Osca and of Calagurris, which was joined to the Oscans, sent envoys to him and promised to do what they were told.
Note. Oscēnsēs: the people of Osca (Huesca). quī erant cum Oscēnsibus contribūtī: Calagurris had been attached to Osca as a dependent community. sēsē imperāta factūrōs: 'that they would do what they were ordered' (future infinitive with esse understood).
BC 1.60.2hōs Tarracōnēnsēs et Iacetānī et Ausētānī et paucīs post diēbus Illurgavonēnsēs, quī flūmen Hibērum attingunt, īnsequuntur.
They were followed by the people of Tarraco, the Iacetani and the Ausetani, and a few days later by the Illurgavonenses, who live along the river Ebro.
Note. hōs … īnsequuntur: 'these are followed by …'. paucīs post diēbus: 'a few days later'; post is an adverb here.
BC 1.60.3petit ab hīs omnibus, ut sē frūmentō iuvent.
He asked all of them to help him with grain.
Note. petit ab hīs … ut … iuvent: indirect request. sē: Caesar, the subject of petit (a reflexive in the request refers to the one asking).
BC 1.60.3pollicentur atque omnibus undique conquīsītīs iūmentīs in castra dēportant.
They promised, and gathering pack animals from every side they carried it into the camp.
Note. omnibus undique conquīsītīs iūmentīs: ablative absolute, 'having collected pack animals from everywhere'. The object (the grain) is understood.
BC 1.60.4trānsit etiam cohors Illurgavonēnsis ad eum cognitō cīvitātis cōnsiliō et signa ex statiōne trānsfert.
A cohort of the Illurgavonenses also came over to him when it learned of its state's decision, and brought its standards across from its post.
Note. trānsit: 'came over', deserted to Caesar. cognitō cīvitātis cōnsiliō: 'when it learned of its state's decision'.
BC 1.60.5magna celeriter commūtātiō rērum.
A great change in affairs, and quickly.
Note. A verbless sentence: supply est. Caesar likes these short judgements after a long narrative passage.
BC 1.60.5perfectō ponte, magnīs quīnque cīvitātibus ad amīcitiam adiūnctīs, expedītā rē frūmentāriā, exstīnctīs rūmōribus dē auxiliīs legiōnum, quae cum Pompēiō per Mauretāniam venīre dīcēbantur, multae longinquiōrēs cīvitātēs ab Afrāniō dēscīscunt et Caesaris amīcitiam sequuntur.
With the bridge finished, five great states joined to his friendship, the grain supply settled, and the rumours put out about the legions' help that were said to be coming with Pompey through Mauretania, many more distant states deserted Afranius and followed Caesar's friendship.
Note. A chain of ablative absolutes summing up the changes: perfectō ponte, adiūnctīs, expedītā rē frūmentāriā, exstīnctīs rūmōribus. The rumour was that Pompey was marching to Spain through Mauretania (North Africa).
Vocabulary
| interim (adv.) | meanwhile |
| et, conj. | and; et ... et, both ... and |
| quī, quae, quod, rel. pron. | who, which |
| sum, esse, fuī, futūrus | be |
| cum, prep, with abl. | with |
| contribuō, -ere, -tribuī, -tribūtus | put together, join; attach (one community to another) |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus | send |
| ad, prep. with acc. | to, toward; at, near; for |
| is, ea, id, dem. pron. | this, that; he, she, it, they |
| lēgātus, -ī, m. | ambassador |
| suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron. | himself, herself, itself, themselves |
| que, enclitic conj. | and |
| imperō, -perāre, -perāvī, -perātus | command, order, enjoin |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factus | make, do; iter facere, see iter |
| polliceor, -licērī, -licitus | promise |
| hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron. | this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter |
| paucī, -ae, -a, plur. adj. | few |
| post, adv. | after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind |
| diēs, -ēī, m. and f. | day |
| flūmen, -minis, n. | river |
| attingō, -tingere, -tigī, -tāctus | touch at |
| īnsequor, -sequī, -secūtus | follow upon or up, pursue |
| petō, -ere, -īvī or -iī, -ītus | seek, ask; attack |
| ā, ab (prep. + abl.) | away from, from; by (ā only before consonants) |
| omnis, -e | all, every |
| ut, conj. | as; when; that; ita ut, as |
| frūmentum, -ī, n. | grain |
| iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtum | help |
| atque, ac (conj.) | and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants) |
| undique, adv. | from or on all sides |
| conquīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītum | search out, hunt down |
| iūmentum, -ī n. | pack animal, beast of burden |
| in, prep. with acc. and abl. | with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on |
| castra, -ōrum, n. plur. | camp |
| dēportō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum | carry off, remove |
| trānseō, -īre, -iī, -itus | go across or over, cross |
| etiam, adv. | and now, also, too, even |
| cohors, cohortis f. | cohort (a tenth of a legion); company |
| Illurgavonēnsis, -e | of the Illurgavonenses |
| cognōscō, -gnōscere, -gnōvī, -gnitus | find out, learn; in tenses of completed action, have found out, know |
| cīvitās, -tātis, f. | state |
| cōnsilium, -ī, n. | advice; plan, design, purpose; prudence |
| signum, -ī, n. | sign, signal |
| ex, ē (prep. + abl.) | out of, from; of (ē only before consonants) |
| statiō, -ōnis f. | outpost, picket |
| trānsferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātus | carry across, transfer |
| magnus, -a, -um | large, big, great, mighty; loud |
| celeriter, adv. | swiftly, quickly |
| commūtātiō, -tiōnis, f. | change |
| rēs, reī, f. | thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really |
| perficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectus | do or make through, accomplish |
| pōns, pontis, m. | bridge |
| quīnque | five |
| amīcitia, -ae f. | friendship, alliance |
| adiungo, -iungere, -iūnxī, -iūnctus | join to, join |
| expediō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus | free, set clear; get ready; arrange, settle |
| frūmentārius, -a, -um | of grain (rēs frūmentāria: grain supply) |
| exstinguō, -ere, -stīnxī, -stīnctus | put out, extinguish; destroy |
| rūmor, -ōris m. | rumour, report |
| dē, prep, with abl. | down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of |
| auxilium, -ī, n. | help, aid |
| legiō, -ōnis f. | legion |
| per, prep, with ace. | through, by means of |
| veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus | come |
| dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus | say, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day |
| multus, -a, -um | much, great; plur., many |
| longinquus, -a, -um | distant, remote |
| dēscīscō, -ere, -scīvī, -scītum | break away, revolt, desert (from: ab) |
| sequor, sequī, secūtus | follow |