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Pliny · Epistulae X

Pliny, Letter 10.31

Convicts serving as public slaves

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Ep. 10.31.1Salvā magnitūdine tuā, domine, dēscendās oportet ad meās cūrās, cum iūs mihi dederīs referendī ad tē, dē quibus dubitō.Without detriment to your greatness, my lord, you must stoop to my concerns, since you have given me the right to refer to you matters about which I am in doubt. Ep. 10.31.2In plērīsque cīvitātibus, maximē Nīcomēdīae et Nīcaeae, quīdam vel in opus damnātī vel in lūdum similiaque hīs genera poenārum pūblicōrum servōrum officiō ministeriōque funguntur, atque etiam ut pūblicī servī annua accipiunt.In most cities, especially Nicomedia and Nicaea, certain persons condemned either to hard labour or to the gladiatorial school and to similar kinds of punishment are performing the duties and service of public slaves, and even receive an annual allowance as public slaves. Ep. 10.31.2Quod ego cum audīssem, diū multumque haesitāvī, quid facere dēbērem.When I heard this, I hesitated long and hard over what I ought to do. Ep. 10.31.3Nam et reddere poenae post longum tempus plērōsque iam senēs et, quantum affirmātur, frūgāliter modestēque vīventēs nimis sevērum arbitrābar, et in pūblicīs officiīs retinēre damnātōs nōn satis honestum putābam;For I thought it too severe to return to their punishment, after a long time, men most of whom were already old and, as is affirmed, were living frugal and modest lives, and I did not think it quite respectable to keep condemned men in public employment; Ep. 10.31.3eōsdem rūrsus ā rē pūblicā pāscī ōtiōsōs inūtile, nōn pāscī etiam perīculōsum exīstimābam.on the other hand, for these same men to be fed by the state in idleness I judged useless, and not to feed them even dangerous.

Ep. 10.31.4Necessāriō ergō rem tōtam, dum tē cōnsulerem, in suspēnsō relīquī.So I have necessarily left the whole matter in suspense until I could consult you. Ep. 10.31.4Quaerēs fortasse, quem ad modum ēvēnerit, ut poenīs in quās damnātī erant exsolverentur: et ego quaesiī, sed nihil comperī, quod affirmāre tibi possim.You will perhaps ask how it came about that they were released from the punishments to which they had been condemned: I too asked, but found out nothing that I could affirm to you. Ep. 10.31.4Ut dēcrēta quibus damnātī erant prōferēbantur, ita nūlla monumenta quibus līberātī probārentur.Whereas the decrees by which they had been condemned were produced, there were no records to prove that they had been released. Ep. 10.31.5Erant tamen, quī dīcerent dēprecantēs iussū prōcōnsulum lēgātōrumve dīmissōs.There were, however, some who said that on pleading for mercy they had been discharged by order of the proconsuls or legates. Ep. 10.31.5Addēbat fidem, quod crēdibile erat nēminem hoc ausum sine auctōre.What lent this credibility was that it was believable that nobody had dared to do this without authority.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×1, indirect statement ×3, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (119 words)
salvus, -a, -umsafe, unharmed
magnitūdō, -tūdinis, f.greatness, size
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
dominus, -ī m.master, owner
dēscendō, -scendere, -scendī, -scēnsusclimb down, descend
oportet, -ēre, oportuit (impersonal)it is right, it is necessary
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
meus, -a, -ummy, mine
cūra, -ae f.care, concern (cūrae esse: to be a concern)
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
iūs, iūris, n.right, justice, law; iūs dīcere, to pronounce judgment; iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, oath
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
referō, referre, rettulī, relātusbring or carry back, return; pedem referre, to draw back, retire, retreat; grātiam referre, see grātia
tū, tuī, pers. pron.thou, you
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusdoubt, hesitate
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
plērīque, plēraeque, plēraquemost, very many
cīvitās, -tātis, f.state
maximē, adv.very greatly, exceedingly, especially
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
velor; vel … vel: either … or
opus, operis, n.work, task
damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumcondemn
lūdus, -ī, m.game, sport
similis, -elike, similar (vērī similis: likely)
que, enclitic conj.and
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
genus, generis, n.kind, nature
poena, -ae, f.penalty, punishment
pūblicus, -a, -umpublic, of the state (rēs pūblica: the state)
servus, -ī, m.slave, servant
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
ministerium, -ī n.service, office, duty
fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum (+ abl.)perform, carry out, discharge
atque, ac (conj.)and; after comparisons: as, than (ac only before consonants)
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
annuus, -a, -umfor a year, yearly
accipiō, -cipere, -cēpī, -ceptustake to oneself, receive, accept; hear; suffer
audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītushear; listen or attend to
diū, adv.for a long time, a long time or while, long; comp
multum, -ī, n.much
haesitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātushesitate
quis, quid, interrog. pron.who? which? what?
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
nam, conj.for
reddō, -dere, -didī, -ditusgive back, return, restore; render
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
iam, adv.now, already
senex, senis, m.old man
quantum, adv.how much? how?
affirmō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusassert, declare firmly
frūgāliter (adv.)thriftily, frugally, sparingly
modestē, adv.with restraint, in good order, calmly
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
nimis (adv.)too much, too
sevērus, -a, -umstern, strict, severe
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
retineō, -tinēre, -tinuī, -tentushold or keep back, keep, restrain; hold fast
nōn, adv.not
satis, adv.enough, sufficiently
honestus, -a, -umrespected, honourable
putō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusthink
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
rūrsus, adv.again
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstusfeed
ōtiōsus, -a, -umat leisure, quiet; as noun: a peaceful citizen
inūtilis, -enot useful, useless
perīculōsus, -a, -umdangerous
exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusconsider, believe, think
necessāriō (adv.)of necessity, unavoidably
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
tōtus, -a, -umall the, the whole or entire
dum, conj.while, as; as long as; until
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, -tusconsult
suspendō, -pendere, -pendī, -pēnsushang up, hang
relinquō, -linquere, -līquī, -lictusleave behind, leave
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
fortasse (adv.)perhaps
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
modus, -ī, m.way, manner
ēveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome out; turn out, happen, befall
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
exsolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusset free, release
sed, conj.but
nihil, n., indecl.nothing
comperiō, -īre, comperī, compertumfind out, learn
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
dēcrētum, -ī n.decision, decree
prōferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātusbring forward, bring out
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
monumentum, -ī n.memorial, monument; record
līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset free, free, liberate, release
probō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumprove, show; approve
tamen, adv.however, yet, nevertheless
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
dēprecor, -ārī, -ātus sumbeg to be spared, plead
iussus, -ūs, m.bidding, command
prōcōnsul, -ulis m.proconsul, governor
lēgātus, -ī, m.ambassador
dīmittō, -mittere, -mīsī, -missussend different ways, send forth or away, despatch; let slip, lose
addō, -ere, -didī, -ditusadd, put to
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
quod, conj.that, in that, because
crēdibilis, -ecredible
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
audeō, audēre, ausus sumdare
sine, prep. with abl.without
auctor, -ōris m.originator, instigator
Pliny, Epistulae X. Latin text: the Perseus digital text of Pliny's Letters, public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.