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Cicero · De Senectute

De Senectute 20

The natural end of life

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Sen. 20.1Senectūtis autem nūllus est certus terminus, rēctēque in eā vīvitur, quoad mūnus officī exsequī et tuērī possit mortemque contemnere, ex quō fit ut animōsior etiam senectūs sit quam adulēscentia et fortior.Of old age, however, there is no fixed limit, and one lives rightly in it so long as one can perform and maintain the task of duty and despise death, from which it comes about that old age is even bolder and braver than youth. Sen. 20.1Hoc illud est, quod Pīsistratō tyrannō ā Solōne respōnsum est, cum illī quaerentī quā tandem rē frētus sibi tam audāciter obsisteret respondisse dīcitur "senectūte."This is what was meant by Solon's answer to the tyrant Pisistratus, when, to the tyrant's question of what in the world he relied on in opposing him so boldly, he is said to have answered, 'Old age.' Sen. 20.1Sed vīvendī est fīnis optimus, cum integrā mente certīsque sēnsibus opus ipsa suum eadem quae coagmentāvit nātūra dissolvit.But the best end of living is when, with mind unimpaired and senses sound, the same nature that put together its own work takes it apart. Sen. 20.1Ut nāvem, ut aedificium īdem dēstruit facillimē quī cōnstrūxit, sīc hominem eadem optimē quae conglūtināvit nātūra dissolvit.Just as a ship or a building is most easily pulled down by the same man who built it, so a man is best taken apart by the same nature that glued him together.

Sen. 20.1Iam omnis conglūtinātiō recēns aegrē, inveterāta facile dīvellitur.Moreover, every joining is hard to tear apart when fresh, easy when it has grown old. Sen. 20.1Ita fit ut illud breve vītae reliquum nec avidē appetendum senibus nec sine causā dēserendum sit;So it comes about that the short remainder of life is neither to be clutched at greedily by old men nor to be abandoned without reason; Sen. 20.73vetatque Pȳthagorās iniussū imperātōris, id est deī, dē praesidiō et statiōne vītae dēcēdere.and Pythagoras forbids us to leave our guard-post and station in life without the order of our commander, that is, of god. Sen. 20.73Solōnis quidem sapientis est ēlogium, quō sē negat velle suam mortem dolōre amīcōrum et lāmentīs vacāre.There is, indeed, an epitaph of the wise Solon in which he says that he does not wish his death to lack the grief and lamentation of his friends. Sen. 20.73Volt, crēdō, sē esse cārum suīs.He wants, I suppose, to be dear to his own people. Sen. 20.73Sed haud sciō an melius Ennius: " nēmō mē lacrumīs decoret, neque fūnera flētū faxit.But I rather think Ennius said it better: 'Let no one honour me with tears, nor make my funeral with weeping.' Sen. 20.73" Nōn cēnset lūgendam esse mortem, quam immortālitās cōnsequātur.He does not think that a death should be mourned which is followed by immortality.

Sen. 20.74Iam sēnsus moriendī aliquis esse potest, isque ad exiguum tempus, praesertim senī: post mortem quidem sēnsus aut optandus aut nūllus est.Then again, there can be some feeling in dying, and that for a short time, especially for an old man: after death, indeed, feeling is either to be wished for or there is none. Sen. 20.74Sed hoc meditātum ab adulēscentiā dēbet esse, mortem ut neglegāmus;But this ought to have been practised from youth, that we disregard death; Sen. 20.74sine quā meditātiōne tranquillō animō esse nēmō potest.without this practice no one can be of a tranquil mind. Sen. 20.74Moriendum enim certē est, et incertum an hōc ipsō diē.For die we certainly must, and it is uncertain whether it will not be this very day. Sen. 20.74Mortem igitur omnibus hōrīs impendentem timēns quī poterit animō cōnsistere?How then can anyone who fears death, hanging over him at every hour, keep his mind steady? Sen. 20.75Dē quā nōn ita longā disputātiōne opus esse vidētur, cum recordor nōn L. Brūtum, quī in līberandā patriā est interfectus, nōn duōs Deciōs, quī ad voluntāriam mortem cursum equōrum incitāvērunt, nōn M. Atīlium, quī ad supplicium est profectus ut fidem hostī datam cōnservāret, nōn duōs Scīpiōnēs, quī iter Poenīs vel corporibus suīs obstruere voluērunt, nōn avum tuum L. Paulum, quī morte luit collēgae in Cannēnsī ignōminiā temeritātem, nōn M. Mārcellum, cuius interitum nē crūdēlissimus quidem hostis honōre sepultūrae carēre passus est, sed legiōnēs nostrās, quod scrīpsī in Orīginibus, in eum locum saepe profectās alacrī animō et ērēctō, unde sē reditūrās numquam arbitrārentur.On this there seems to be no need of very long discussion, when I recall not Lucius Brutus, who was killed in freeing his country, not the two Decii, who spurred their horses to a voluntary death, not Marcus Atilius, who set out to his punishment in order to keep the faith he had pledged to the enemy, not the two Scipios, who wished to block the Carthaginians' path even with their own bodies, not your grandfather Lucius Paulus, who paid with his death for his colleague's rashness in the disgrace at Cannae, not Marcus Marcellus, whose death not even the cruellest of enemies allowed to go without the honour of burial, but our legions, which, as I have written in my Origins, have often set out with eager and lofty spirit for a place from which they believed they would never return.

Sen. 20.75Quod igitur adulēscentēs, et eī quidem nōn sōlum indoctī sed etiam rūsticī contemnunt, id doctī senēs extimēscent?What young men, then, and those not only unlearned but even rustic, despise, shall learned old men dread? Sen. 20.76Omnīnō, ut mihi quidem vidētur studiōrum omnium satietās vītae facit satietātem.Altogether, as it seems to me at least, satiety of all pursuits produces satiety of life. Sen. 20.76Sunt pueritiae studia certa: num igitur ea dēsīderant adulēscentēs?There are certain pursuits of childhood: do young men then long for them? Sen. 20.76Sunt ineuntis adulēscentiae: num ea cōnstāns iam requīrit aetās, quae media dīcitur?There are those of early youth: does the age now settled, which is called middle life, seek them? Sen. 20.76Sunt etiam eius aetātis: nē ea quidem quaeruntur in senectūte.There are those of that age too: not even these are sought in old age. Sen. 20.76Sunt extrēma quaedam studia senectūtis: ergō, ut superiōrum aetātum studia occīdunt, sīc occīdunt etiam senectūtis;There are certain final pursuits of old age: so, just as the pursuits of earlier ages fall away, so too do those of old age; Sen. 20.76quod cum ēvenit, satietās vītae tempus mātūrum mortis affert.and when this happens, satiety of life brings the time ripe for death.

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Grammar in this passage: gerunds and gerundives ×8, indirect statement ×4, purpose clauses ×1

Latin vocabulary for this passage (216 words)
senectūs, -tūtis f.old age
autem, conj.moreover; but, however; now
nūllus, -a, -umnot any, none, no
sum, esse, fuī, futūrusbe
certus, -a, -umdetermined, fixed, certain; certiōrem facere, to make more certain, inform
terminus, -ī m.boundary, limit
rēctē (adv.)rightly, properly; safely
que, enclitic conj.and
in, prep. with acc. and abl.with acc.: into, onto, against; with abl.: in, on
is, ea, id, dem. pron.this, that; he, she, it, they
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctuslive
quoad (conj.)as long as; until
mūnus, mūneris, n.service, office, duty; present, gift
officium, -ī, n.service; duty
exsequor, -ī, -secūtus sumcarry out, enforce
et, conj.and; et ... et, both ... and
tueor, -ērī, tuitus sumwatch over, protect, defend
possum, posse, potuībe able, have power, can
mors, mortīs, f.death
contemnō, -ere, -tempsī, -temptusdespise, scorn, think little of
ex, ē (prep. + abl.)out of, from; of (ē only before consonants)
quī, quae, quod, rel. pron.who, which
fīō, fierī, factus sumbe done or made, become, happen
ut, conj.as; when; that; ita ut, as
animōsus, -a, -umhigh-spirited, bold, proud
etiam, adv.and now, also, too, even
quam, adv.how? as; than; with superl., as ... as possible
adulēscentia, -ae, f.youth
fortis, -ebrave
hic, haec, hoc, dem. pron.this; ille ... hīc, that ... this, the former ... the latter
ille, illa, illud, dem. pron.that; he, she, it, they; ille ... hīc, see hīc
tyrannus, -ī m.tyrant, despot
ā, ab (prep. + abl.)away from, from; by (ā only before consonants)
respondeō, -spondēre, -spondī, -spōnsusreply, answer
cum, conj.when, while, after; since; although
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītusseek; ask, inquire
quī, quae, quod, interrog. pron. adj.what?
tandem, adv.at length or last, finally
rēs, reī, f.thing, matter, affair, circumstance, situation; rē vērā, in truth, in fact, really
frētus, -a, -um (+ abl.)relying on
suī, sibi, sē or sēsē, reflexive pron.himself, herself, itself, themselves
tam, adv.so
audāciter (adv.)boldly, daringly
obsistō, -ere, -stitī, -stitum (+ dat.)stand in the way of, resist
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictussay, speak; diem dīcere, to appoint or set a day
sed, conj.but
fīnis, -is, m.end, boundary; plur., borders, territory, country
bonus, -a, -umgood
integer, -gra, -grumuntouched, fresh, whole
mēns, mentis f.mind, spirit
sēnsus, -ūs m.feeling, sensation; perception; sentiment
opus, operis, n.work, task
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intensive pron.self, himself, herself, itself, themselves; often to be rendered by very
suus, -a, -umhis, her, its, or their own; his, her, its, their
īdem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.the same; sometimes to be translated likewise, also
coagmentō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusjoin together, fit together
nātūra, -ae, f.nature, character
dissolvō, -ere, -solvī, -solūtusloosen, break up; dissolūtus: lax, negligent
nāvis, -is, f.ship
aedificium, -ī n.building
dēstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctuspull down, demolish
facile, adv.easily
cōnstruō, -ere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild, construct
sīc, adv.so, thus
homō, hominis, m.man
bene, adv.well; successfully
conglūtinō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusglue together, cement, bind closely
iam, adv.now, already
omnis, -eall, every
conglūtinātiō, -ōnis f.gluing together; close union, combination
recēns, -entisrecent, fresh
aegrē, adv.ill, with difficulty
inveterō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusmake old; (intrans.) grow old, become seasoned
dīvellō, -vellere, -vellī, -vulsustear apart, rend asunder, tear in pieces
ita, adv.in this manner, thus, so; ita ut, as
brevis, -eshort
vīta, -ae, f.life
reliquus, -a, -umleft, the remaining, the other, the rest of
neque or nec, conj.and not, nor; neque ... neque, neither ... nor; neque enim, for ... not
avidē (adv.)eagerly, greedily
appetō, -petere, -petīvī, -petītusdraw near
senex, senis, m.old man
sine, prep. with abl.without
causa, -ae, f.cause, reason; abl. causā, for the sake of
dēserō, -serere, -seruī, -sertusdesert
vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitumforbid
iniussū (abl. only) + gen.without the order (of)
imperātor, -ōris, m.commander, general
deus, -ī, m.god
dē, prep, with abl.down from, from, out of; about, concerning, of
praesidium, -ī, n.protection; guard, escort
statiō, -ōnis f.outpost, picket
dēcēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessusgo away, depart
quidem, adv.in fact, indeed, certainly; nē ... quidem, not ... even
sapiēns, -entiswise; as noun, a wise man, a philosopher
ēlogium, -ī n.short inscription, epitaph; saying, maxim
negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātussay no or not, deny, refuse
volō, velle, voluīwish
dolor, -ōris, m.pain, grief; anger
amīcus, -ī, m.friend
lāmentum, -ī n.(usu. pl.) wailing, lamentation
vacō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumbe empty, be unoccupied
crēdō, -dere, -didī, -ditusbelieve
cārus, -a, -umdear, precious
haud, adv.not at all, by no means, not
sciō, -īre, -īvī, -ītusknow
an, conj.or (in questions)
nēmō, nēminis, m. and f.no one, nobody
ego, meī, pers. pron.I
lacrima, -ae, f.tear
decorō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusadorn, distinguish
fūnus, -eris n.funeral
flētus, -ūs m.weeping
faciō, facere, fēcī, factusmake, do; iter facere, see iter
nōn, adv.not
cēnseō, cēnsēre, cēnsuī, cēnsusthink, believe, consider
lūgeō, -ēre, lūxī, lūctusmourn, grieve for
immortālitās, -ātis f.immortality
cōnsequor, -sequī, -secūtusfollow up, follow; overtake
morior, morī, mortuusdie
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron.someone, any one, something, anything, some, any
ad, prep. with acc.to, toward; at, near; for
exiguus, -a, -umsmall, scanty, short
tempus, temporis, n.time, season
praesertim (adv.)especially
post, adv.after, later; prep. with acc., after, behind
aut, conj.or; aut ... aut, either ... or
optō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuswish for, desire; pray for
meditor, -ārī, -ātus sumthink over, plan; practise, train for
dēbeō, -ēre, -uī, -itusowe; with infin., ought
neglegō, -legere, -lēxī, -lēctusdisregard, neglect
meditātiō, -ōnis f.thinking over, contemplation; practice, preparation
tranquillus, -a, -umcalm
animus, -ī, m.mind; heart; spirit, courage
enim, conj.for
certē (adv.)certainly, surely; at any rate
incertus, -a, -umuncertain, unreliable
diēs, -ēī, m. and f.day
igitur, conj.therefore
hōra, -ae, f.hour
impendeō, -ērehang over, overhang
timeō, -ēre, -uīfear
cōnsistō, -sistere, -stitī, -stitusstation oneself, take one's stand; consist
longus, -a, -umlong; tedious
disputātiō, -ōnis f.argument, debate
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsussee; pass., seem
recordor, -ārī, -ātus sumcall to mind, remember
līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātusset free, free, liberate, release
patria, -ae, f.fatherland, country
interficiō, -ficere, -fēcī, -fectusput out of the way, kill
duo, -ae, -o, plur. adj.two
voluntārius, -a, -umwilling; (m. pl. as noun) volunteers
cursus, -ūs, m.running, speed; course, route, voyage; race
equus, -ī, m.horse
incitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātumstir up, provoke
supplicium, -ī, n.punishment, torture
proficīscor, -ficīscī, -fectus sumset out, depart, march
fidēs, -eī f.faith, trust; pledge
hostis, -is, m. and f.enemy, foe
dō, dare, dedī, datusgive
cōnservō, -servāre, -servāvī, -servātuspreserve, keep
iter, itineris, n.a going, journey, march; iter facere, to journey, march
velor; vel … vel: either … or
corpus, corporis, n.body
obstruō, -struere, -strūxī, -strūctusbuild against, block up
avus, -ī, m.grandfather
tuus, -a, -umthy, thine, your
luō, -ere, luīpay; atone for, expiate
collēga, -ae m.colleague, fellow official
Cannēnsis, -eof Cannae, the village in Apulia where Hannibal destroyed the Roman army (216 BC)
ignōminia, -ae f.disgrace, dishonor
temeritās, -ātis f.rashness, recklessness
interitus, -ūs m.destruction, death
nē, adv.not; nē ... quidem, not ... even; conj., that not, lest
crūdēlis, -ecruel
honor, -ōris, m.honor
sepultūra, -ae, f.burial
careō, -ēre, -uībe without, lack (+ abl.)
patior, patī, passus, bearsuffer, allow
legiō, -ōnis f.legion
noster, -tra, -trumour
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptuswrite
orīgō, -inis f.origin, beginning, source; ancestry
locus, -ī, m., plur. loca, -orum, n.place, situation
saepe, adv.often, frequently
alacer, -cris, -creeager, keen
ērēctus, -a, -umupright, erect
unde, adv.whence
redeō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo back, return
numquam, adv.never
arbitror, -ārī, -ātusconsider, think, judge
adulēscēns, -entis, m.youth, young man
sōlum (adv.); solum, -ī n.only (nōn sōlum … sed etiam: not only … but also); ground, soil
indoctus, -a, -umuntaught, ignorant
rūsticus, -a, -umrural, of the country
doctus, -a, -umlearned, skilled, trained (in: abl.)
extimēscō, -ere, -timuībecome very afraid of, dread
omnīnō, adv.altogether, wholly, entirely
studium, -ī, n.eagerness, zeal; study, pursuit
satietās, -ātis f.fullness, satiety; weariness, disgust
pueritia, -ae, f.boyhood
num, adv., introducing a question to which a negative answer is expecteduntranslatable
dēsīderō, -āre, -āvī, -ātuslong for, miss; require
ineō, -īre, -iī, -itusgo into, enter; adopt
cōnstāns, -antissteadfast, firm, resolute; consistent
requīrō, -ere, -quīsīvī, -quīsītuslook for, ask after; need
aetās, -tātis, f.age
medius, -a, -ummid, middle
extrēmus, -a, -umlast, extreme, furthest
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, indef. pron.a certain, certain
ergō (adv.)therefore, then; quid ergō? what then?
superior, -ius, adj.higher; former, previous, preceding
occīdō, -cīdere, -cīdī, -cīsuscut down, kill
ēveniō, -venīre, -vēnī, -ventuscome out; turn out, happen, befall
mātūrus, -a, -umripe
afferō, afferre, attulī, allātumbring, bring to; cause
Cicero, De Senectute. Latin text: W. A. Falconer, Cicero: De Senectute, De Amicitia, De Divinatione (Loeb, 1923), public domain; digital text from the Perseus Digital Library, CC BY-SA. Word analysis: drafted by our own tagger (trained on the hand-checked texts on this site), with every doubtful word checked by hand. English translation and section titles: written for this app, each checked against the Latin by a second reader.